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While, at pre-)]TJ T* .0318 Tw [(sent, data compression is widely applied in video archiving a)]TJ T* .0806 Tw [(practice that is not, in the narrower sense, archival - memor)-17.7(y)]TJ T* .0455 Tw [(institutions and audiovisual research archives are beginning to)]TJ T* .3991 Tw [(explore uncompromising, non-compressed video archiving,)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(which logistically and nancially has become a viable option. )]TJ /F13 1 Tf 0 -2.475 TD .0576 Tw [(W)-23.9(i)0(th r)18(e)-.1(gar)18(ds to their long-term pr)18(eservation, audio and video)]TJ 0 -1.2375 TD .1712 Tw [(r)18(e)-.1(cor)18(dings ar)18(e twins: none of their formats and carriers has)]TJ T* .2479 Tw [(been developed for stability over longer periods, and both)]TJ T* -.0058 Tw [(types of documents ar)18(e dependent on the availability of equip-)]TJ T* .0684 Tw [(ment which, in the course of technical development, has r)18(ea-)]TJ T* .0932 Tw [(ched considerable levels of sophistication. Mor)18(eover)91.9(,).1( the ever)]TJ T* -.0155 Tw [(accelerating pace of technological development has led to ever)]TJ T* .3834 Tw [(shorter commer)18(c).1(ial life cycles. This is particularly true of)]TJ T* .0169 Tw [(magnetic tape based video formats, many of which have been)]TJ T* -.0122 Tw [(superseded by a follower format after only a few years. Format)]TJ T* .1408 Tw [(obsolescence swiftly leads to fading of maintenance support)]TJ T* -.0408 Tw [(and spar)18(e)-.1( part supply by manufactur)18(e)-.1(rs, which leaves even well)]TJ T* .2391 Tw [(pr)18(eserved media irr)18(e)-.1(trievable because of a lack of working)]TJ T* .0277 Tw (playback machines.)Tj 0 -2.475 TD -.0137 Tw [(Ar)18(ound 1990, the answer of sound ar)18(chives was to give up the)]TJ 0 -1.2375 TD .0076 Tw [(traditional paradigm of safeguar)18(ding the original carrier as this)]TJ T* .0108 Tw [(would have meant, apart fr)18(om the pr)18(oblems of pr)18(eserving car-)]TJ T* .0435 Tw [(riers in a stable condition, keeping war)18(e)-.1(houses of format spe-)]TJ T* .0314 Tw [(cic r)18(e)-.1(play equipment and their spar)18(e)-.1( parts to ensur)18(e r)18(e)-.1(trieva-)]TJ T* .1139 Tw [(bility of contents. )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 8.0062 0 TD [(Preser)-17.7(ve the content, not the carrier)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 16.3078 0 TD -.0002 Tc .114 Tw (- was)Tj -24.314 -1.2375 TD -.0001 Tc .245 Tw [(the new philosophy)91.8(, based on the digitisation of analogue)]TJ T* .1738 Tw [(content and the subsequent migration of content fr)18(om one)]TJ T* .0127 Tw [(digital pr)18(eservation platform to the next. By 1992/93, this new)]TJ T* -.0349 Tw [(concept had paved the way to the development of Digital Mass)]TJ T* .22 Tw (Storage Systems \(DMSSs\), which permitted automated data)Tj T* -.0151 Tw [(integrity checking, r)18(e)-.1(fr)18(eshing and, ultimately)91.8(,).1( migration to new)]TJ T* -.0366 Tw [(systems with a minimum of manual labour)91.9(. Radio ar)18(chives wer)18(e)]TJ T* .1171 Tw [(the driving for)18(c).1(e, envisaging pr)18(edominantly r)18(e)-.1(mote access to)]TJ T* .0597 Tw [(their ar)18(chives - a featur)18(e which has since totally changed pr)18(o-)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(gramme pr)18(oduction methods. )]TJ 0 -2.475 TD .022 Tw [(The development of pr)18(ofessional long-term audio pr)18(eservation)]TJ 0 -1.2375 TD .0912 Tw [(was, almost fr)18(om its onset, gover)-17.7(ned by two constituent ele-)]TJ T* 0 Tw (ments: )Tj 29.3908 63.0085 TD .1955 Tw [( )170.8(the avoidance of data r)18(e)-.1(duction algorithms, often termed)]TJ .8026 -1.2105 TD .0277 Tw [(\(lossy\) compr)18(e)-.1(ssion)]TJ 4.75 0 0 4.75 449.2001 677.1124 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (1)Tj 9.5 0 0 9.5 451.8407 673.7687 Tm -.0001 Tc .0277 Tw (, and )Tj -9.2563 -1.2105 TD .0311 Tw [( )6.4(the use of true le formats, as opposed to \(pr)18(oprietary\) data)]TJ .8026 -1.2105 TD 0 Tw [(str)18(eams. )]TJ -.8026 -2.4211 TD .0221 Tc .4828 Tw [(A key factor in this development was the )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 22.4933 0 TD 0 Tw (European)Tj -22.4933 -1.2105 TD -.0001 Tc .045 Tw (Broadcasting Union \(EBU\))Tj /F13 1 Tf 10.9807 0 TD [(, who expanded the Micr)18(osoft W)36.9(a)-.1(ve)]TJ -10.9807 -1.2105 TD -.0302 Tw (format \(.wav\) into the )Tj /F12 1 Tf 9.4882 0 TD [(Broadcast W)17.9(a)-.1(ve Format)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 10.2771 0 TD [(\(BWF\) by adding)]TJ -19.7653 -1.2105 TD .169 Tw [(a chunk, a header)91.9(, to accommodate a limited amount of)]TJ T* .0767 Tw [(metadata. Thr)18(ough this action and the general acceptance of)]TJ T* .0001 Tc .0039 Tw [(the BWF format by radio sound ar)18.2(chives, W)37.1(a).1(ve has become an)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc .2245 Tw [(inter)-17.7(national de-facto standar)18(d)0( as a linear \(= un-compr)18(es-)]TJ T* .1465 Tw [(sed\) audio le format in ar)18(chival applications for long-term)]TJ T* 0 Tw [(pr)18(eservation)]TJ 4.75 0 0 4.75 413.3331 539.1125 Tm 0 Tc (2)Tj 9.5 0 0 9.5 415.9737 535.7687 Tm -.0002 Tc (. )Tj -5.4808 -2.4211 TD -.0001 Tc .2413 Tw [(It is estimated that since its intr)18(oduction in the mid-1990s)]TJ 0 -1.2105 TD .0087 Tw [(onwar)18(d, the worldwide ar)18(chival stocks of ar)18(chival les in W)36.9(a)-.1(ve)]TJ T* .0131 Tw [(format amount to several tens of million hours. W)-23.9(i)0(th the rapid)]TJ T* .0133 Tc .4033 Tw [(disappearance of early audio str)18(e)-.1(aming formats \(DASH,)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc .0399 Tw [(Pr)18(oDigi, R-Dat, etc.\), W)36.9(a)-.1(ve has meanwhile become the almost)]TJ T* .1615 Tw [(exclusive format used in pr)18(oduction. Thus audio pr)18(oduction,)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(pr)18(ocessing, and ar)18(chiving have become part of the IT world. )]TJ 0 -2.4211 TD -.032 Tw [(V)-5.8(ideo has so far developed in another way)91.8(.).1( Several analogue as)]TJ 0 -1.2105 TD .0127 Tw [(well as digital pr)18(ofessional and home formats have been deve-)]TJ T* .046 Tw [(loped with ever shorter life cycles. This has led to the cr)18(eation)]TJ T* .1088 Tw [(of sever)18(e)-.1( pr)18(eservation pr)18(oblems because of the obsolescence)]TJ T* .1751 Tw [(of equipment. Even in pr)18(e-digital times, equipment obsoles-)]TJ T* .083 Tw [(cence had for)18(c).1(ed television ar)18(chives to copy tapes. For exam-)]TJ T* .0095 Tw [(ple, two inch originals to the one inch format and later to pr)18(o-)]TJ T* .0084 Tc .4082 Tw [(fessional half inch component formats like Betacam SP)152.8(.)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc .236 Tw [(Because of generation losses in the analogue copying pr)18(o-)]TJ T* .0965 Tw [(cesses, this r)18(e)-.1(sulted in a loss of quality in the target formats.)]TJ T* .1155 Tw [(The driving for)18(c).1(es for this copying pr)18(ocess wer)18(e)-.1( the obsoles-)]TJ T* .1163 Tw [(cence of r)18(e)-.1(play equipment and the ease of use of the much)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(smaller target formats. )]TJ 0 -2.421 TD .003 Tc .4136 Tw [(The rst digital formats, developed fr)18(om the mid-1980s)]TJ 0 -1.2105 TD -.0001 Tc .2492 Tw [(onwar)18(d, wer)18(e)-.1( all linear formats which, theor)18(e)-.1(tically)91.8(, would)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 20 0 0 20 119.3367 807.2964 Tm .0258 Tw [(Video Ar)12(chiving and the D)11.9(i)0(lemma of D)5.8(a)0(ta Compr)19.8(ession)]TJ /F10 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 94.6971 768.2966 Tm -.0002 Tc .0278 Tw [(by Dr)91.7(.phil. Dietrich Schller)91.7(,)0( )]TJ /F13 1 Tf 13.3152 0 TD -.0001 Tc [(Special Pr)18(eservation Pr)18(ojects )]TJ -13.3152 -1.3636 TD [(Phonogrammar)18(c).1(hiv)74(, Austrian Academy of Sciences)]TJ ET 3 w /GS2 gs q 1 0 0 1 86.193 776.733 cm 0 0 m 0 -25.214 l S Q /GS3 gs BT /F10 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 363.9056 211.0218 Tm 0 Tw (1.)Tj /F13 1 Tf 1.0754 0 TD -.0362 Tw [(The jargon associated with the development and use of these algorithms)]TJ -1.0754 -1.125 TD .0037 Tc .4129 Tw [(is linguistically misleading. Compr)18(ession semantically describes an)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc -.0086 Tw [(incr)18(ease in packing density of a dened amount of units; by expansion this)]TJ T* .1698 Tw [(amount r)18(e)-.1(mains unchanged. Experts, pr)18(obably those active in the Joint)]TJ T* .0361 Tw [(Photographic Experts Gr)18(oup \(JPEG\) and the Moving Pictur)18(e Experts Gr)18(oup)]TJ T* .2297 Tw [(\(MPEG\), have sloppily applied this term for per)18(c)0(eptually encoded data)]TJ /F12 1 Tf T* 0 Tw (reduced )Tj /F13 1 Tf 3.6898 0 TD -.0325 Tw (encoding schemes \(codecs\))Tj /F12 1 Tf 12.6024 0 TD -.0002 Tc 0 Tw (, )Tj /F13 1 Tf .5232 0 TD -.0001 Tc -.0325 Tw [(which then had for)18(c).1(ed them to dis-)]TJ -16.8154 -1.125 TD .4033 Tw [(tinguish between lossy and lossless compr)18(ession. In 1992, the)]TJ T* .3926 Tw [(T)110.7(e)-.1(chnical Committee of the Inter)-17.7(national Association of Sound and)]TJ T* -.0355 Tw [(Audiovisual Ar)18(chives \(IASA TC\) criticised this misleading terminology)91.8(, which)]TJ T* .0278 Tw [(may have helped to establish the terms data r)18(e)-.1(duction and data r)18(e)-.1(du-)]TJ T* [(ced in place of lossy compr)18(e)-.1(ssion in the r)18(ealm of audio ar)18(chiving. )]TJ /F10 1 Tf T* 0 Tw (2.)Tj /F13 1 Tf 1.0971 0 TD -.0146 Tw [(IASA TC has codied audio ar)18(chiving principles in document )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 25.7409 0 TD [(IASA-TC 03)]TJ /F13 1 Tf -26.8379 -1.125 TD .0647 Tw [(in 1997, which is now in its 3)]TJ 4 0 0 4 467.991 96.8343 Tm -.0181 Tc 0 Tw (rd)Tj 8 0 0 8 474.2152 94.0218 Tm -.0001 Tc .0647 Tw [(version. A similar standar)18(d)0( for video does)]TJ -13.7887 -1.125 TD -.0002 Tc .0278 Tw [(not \(yet\) exist. )]TJ ET /Cs11 CS 1 SCN .3 w q 1 0 0 1 363.906 221.777 cm 0 0 m 56.693 0 l S Q endstream endobj 167 0 obj << /ExtGState << /GS2 290 0 R /GS3 315 0 R >> /Font << /F10 296 0 R /F3 299 0 R /F12 294 0 R /F6 302 0 R /F13 295 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs8 291 0 R /Cs11 317 0 R /Cs10 293 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 168 0 obj << /Length 13451 >> stream /Cs10 CS .81 1 .63 SCN 0 J 0 j .3 w 10 M []0 d /GS2 gs 1 i q 1 0 0 1 59.182 439.023 cm 0 0 m 0 -354.33 l S Q /Cs10 cs .81 1 .63 scn 49.26 442.32 14.173 14.173 re f BT /F10 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 54.1228 446.69 Tm /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn 0 Tc 0 Tw (6)Tj ET /GS3 gs BT /F3 1 Tf 0 8 -8 0 55.1738 225.0144 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn .0999 Tc .0251 Tw [(I)12(nternational P)29.9(r)9.9(eser)-17.7(v)5.9(a).1(tion N)29.7(e)-6(ws )-225( )-225( )-225( )-225(N)29.7(o)15.9(. 47 M)12(a).1(y 2009)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 84.6929 814.5757 Tm -.0001 Tc .0105 Tw [(have kept the quality of analogue originals copied onto them)]TJ 4.75 0 0 4.75 333.1136 817.9194 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (3)Tj 9.5 0 0 9.5 335.7541 814.5757 Tm (.)Tj -26.4275 -1.2105 TD -.0001 Tc .0785 Tw [(However)91.9(,).1( all these early digital formats ar)18(e now obsolete and)]TJ T* 0 Tc .0028 Tw [(several ar)18.1(chives ar)18.1(e facing difculties with the migration of the)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc -.0236 Tw [(content of these early digital video tapes because of a shortage)]TJ T* .0325 Tw [(of working r)18(e)-.1(play machine. V)-5.8(ideo ar)18(chiving did not follow the)]TJ T* -.0388 Tw [(path of audio ar)18(chives that had digitised their holdings by using)]TJ T* .1301 Tw [(the linear W)36.9(a)-.1(ve format and storing the les in mass storage)]TJ T* .0399 Tw [(systems. They continued to r)18(e)-.1(ly on pr)18(oprietary pr)18(oduction for-)]TJ T* .0442 Tw [(mats. This was in part because of the sheer quantity of digital)]TJ T* -.0253 Tw [(data which, at the time, was too costly to be kept in IT envir)18(on-)]TJ T* .2389 Tw [(ments, and partly to keep pr)18(oduction and ar)18(chival formats)]TJ T* .2225 Tw [(identical for practical r)18(easons. This would not have been a)]TJ T* .0229 Tw [(major obstacle to the use of ar)18(chival principles similar to those)]TJ T* .0957 Tw [(developed by the audio ar)18(chives world. However)91.9(,).1( commer)18(c).1(ial)]TJ T* -.0064 Tw [(pr)18(essur)18(es led to the widespr)18(ead use of compr)18(essed, i.e. data)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(r)18(e)-.1(duced, formats for pr)18(ofessional and home video r)18(e)-.1(cor)18(dings.)]TJ 0 -2.4211 TD .0161 Tc .4005 Tw [(Data r)18(e)-.1(duction/compr)18(e)-.1(ssion for)]TJ 0 -1.2105 TD .0172 Tc .3994 Tw [(audio, images, and video was)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc -.0304 Tw [(developed fr)18(om the 1980s onwar)18(d)]TJ T* .0728 Tw [(in or)18(der to r)18(e)-.1(duce the quantity of)]TJ T* .0693 Tw [(digital data for storage and trans-)]TJ T* .1421 Tw [(mission. After some dispute, per-)]TJ T* .0221 Tc .5626 Tw [(ceptually encoded audio like MPEG1 Audio Layer 2)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc .3058 Tw [(\(Musicam\), developed for digital br)18(oadcast, and MPEG1)]TJ T* .0029 Tw [(Audio Layer 3 \(MP3\), developed mainly for inter)-17.7(net distribu-)]TJ T* .0227 Tw [(tion, wer)18(e)-.1( declar)18(ed to be opposed to audio ar)18(chival principles.)]TJ T* .0804 Tw [(This was because all encoding schemes )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 17.4273 0 TD 0 Tw (\(codecs\))Tj /F13 1 Tf 3.8024 0 TD .0804 Tw [(ar)18(e, to some)]TJ -21.2297 -1.2105 TD .0006 Tw [(degr)18(ee, imperfect and a considerable part of the original infor-)]TJ T* .0687 Tw [(mation is deliberately deleted and irr)18(e)-.1(trievably lost. In view of)]TJ T* -.0255 Tw [(the large size of digital video signals, however)91.9(, the possibility of)]TJ T* .0119 Tw [(considerably r)18(e)-.1(ducing video data bit rates and storage r)18(e)-.1(quir)18(e-)]TJ T* .1998 Tw [(ments was too tempting to be r)18(e)-.1(jected for pr)18(oduction and)]TJ T* -.0367 Tw [(ar)18(chiving. The most pr)18(ominent hindrance to the intr)18(oduction of)]TJ T* -.0003 Tc -.003 Tw [(true ar)17.8(chival standar)17.8(ds for video storage was the cost of digital)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc .0277 Tw [(storage space in the 1990s. )]TJ 0 -2.421 TD .1346 Tw [(The rst gr)18(oup of compr)18(e)-.1(ssed video formats, amongst them)]TJ 0 -1.2105 TD .1056 Tw [(DigiBeta for pr)18(ofessional and DV for home use, made use of)]TJ /F12 1 Tf T* .0536 Tw [(intraframe compression)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 10.4373 0 TD [(only)91.8(, which is based on spatial r)18(e)-.1(dun-)]TJ -10.4373 -1.2105 TD .0168 Tw [(dancy)91.8(.).1( Each frame \(actually each eld\) is compr)18(e)-.1(ssed on the)]TJ T* .1113 Tw [(basis of psychophysical phenomena, which allow a r)18(e)-.1(duction)]TJ T* -.0005 Tc -.0025 Tw [(of data - with DigiBeta r)17.6(e)-.5(ducing the data str)17.6(eam to one half of)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc -.0215 Tw [(its original size and with DV to one tenth - without signicantly)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(r)18(e)-.1(ducing the subjective per)18(c).1(eived image quality)91.8(.).1( )]TJ T* -.0101 Tw [(W)-23.9(i)0(th further technical development, basically with the incr)18(ease)]TJ T* .2197 Tw [(of signal pr)18(ocessing speed, additional data r)18(e)-.1(ducing ef)18(fects)]TJ T* .0985 Tw [(wer)18(e)-.1( intr)18(oduced by extending coding to )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 17.9444 0 TD [(interframe compres-)]TJ -17.9444 -1.2105 TD 0 Tw (sion)Tj /F13 1 Tf 1.7227 0 TD .0065 Tw [(, based on temporal r)18(e)-.1(dundancy)91.8(.).1( Only few frames ar)18(e fully)]TJ -1.7227 -1.2105 TD -.0217 Tw [(dened \(so-called I-frames\), while the r)18(e)-.1(st of the frames is de-)]TJ T* .0001 Tc .0022 Tw [(ned by their dif)18.2(fer)18.2(e).1(nces against the I-frames. On this basis, dif-)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc .2138 Tw [(fer)18(e)-.1(nt codecs with dif)18(fer)18(e)-.1(nt levels of complexity have been)]TJ T* .0242 Tw [(developed for video. MPEG1, 2 and mor)18(e)-.1( r)18(e)-.1(cently 4 allowed a)]TJ T* .2015 Tw [(further dramatic r)18(e)-.1(duction of data. Standar)18(d)0( denition \(SD\))]TJ T* .1537 Tw [(television pr)18(oduction is pr)18(edominantly based on MPEG2 for-)]TJ T* -.024 Tw [(mats at 50 Mbit/s, while the DVD, also MPEG2 encoded, works)]TJ T* .1338 Tw [(with a variable bit rate averaging at 6 Mbit/s. MPEG4, mor)18(e)]TJ T* .1157 Tw [(powerful than MPEG2, is used to impr)18(ove inter)-17.7(net quality at)]TJ 29.3908 69 TD -.0101 Tw [(low bit rates but also to keep high denition \(HD\) data str)18(eams)]TJ 0 -1.2105 TD -.0408 Tw [(at comparatively moderate levels. H.264 is a r)18(e)-.1(cently developed)]TJ T* -.0137 Tw [(powerful codec within the MPEG4 family which, inter alia, per-)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(mits the use of consumer handycams for HD signals. )]TJ 0 -2.4211 TD .0194 Tw [(All MPEG based )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 7.1144 0 TD [(interframe compression)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 10.3691 0 TD [(formats ar)18(e per)18(c).1(eived)]TJ -17.4835 -1.2105 TD -.0113 Tw [( if bit rates ar)18(e high enough at a quality standar)18(d)0( that gene-)]TJ T* .0543 Tw [(rally subjectively matches the quality of linear)91.9(, i.e. uncompr)18(es-)]TJ T* .1626 Tw [(sed signals. The disadvantages ar)18(e, as with all data r)18(e)-.1(duced)]TJ T* .0002 Tw (audio and video )Tj /F12 1 Tf 7.1133 0 TD 0 Tw (codecs)Tj /F13 1 Tf 2.8884 0 TD .0002 Tw [(, limitations in the post pr)18(ocessing \(edi-)]TJ -10.0017 -1.2105 TD .1189 Tw [(ting\) of such signals and also in err)18(o)0(r corr)18(ection capability in)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(the event of data corruption. )]TJ 0 -2.4211 TD -.0056 Tc -.0122 Tw [(Ther)18(e is, however)92(,).1( an additional limitation associated with )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 24.457 0 TD -.0057 Tc 0 Tw (inter-)Tj -24.457 -1.2105 TD .0419 Tw [(frame compression)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 8.0563 0 TD [(: while the quality of the moving images \(at)]TJ -8.0563 -1.2105 TD -.0056 Tc .0454 Tw [(adequate bit rates\) is per)18(ceived without signicant loss of qua-)]TJ 9.9958 -1.2105 TD .0036 Tw [(lity)91.9(,).1( this is not the case when examining)]TJ T* .0151 Tc .3959 Tw [(single frames. This disadvantage is)]TJ T* -.0056 Tc .0972 Tw [(acceptable in the normal use of video-)]TJ T* -.0057 Tc .0326 Tw (grams as )Tj /F12 1 Tf 4.0702 0 TD -.0056 Tc .0325 Tw (moving images )Tj /F13 1 Tf 6.7089 0 TD -.0057 Tc .0326 Tw (e.g. for enter-)Tj -10.7791 -1.2105 TD .2175 Tw [(tainment. V)-5.8(i)-.1(deo documents, however)91.9(,)]TJ T* -.0056 Tc .2797 Tw [(ar)18(e playing an incr)18(easingly signicant)]TJ T* -.0057 Tc .2466 Tw [(r)17.9(o)0(le as r)17.9(esear)17.9(ch documents for many)]TJ -9.9958 -1.2105 TD -.0056 Tc .3027 Tw [(scholarly disciplines such as ethnomusicology)91.9(,).1( anthr)18(opology)91.9(,)]TJ T* .047 Tw [(dance and ritual studies. Mor)18(e)0( r)18(e)0(cently)91.9(, linguistics studies wer)18(e)]TJ T* -.0057 Tc .0168 Tw [(added to this list. Because of the availability of af)17.9(for)17.9(dable video)]TJ T* -.0056 Tc .0517 Tw [(technology)91.9(,).1( the r)18(o).1(le of gestur)18(es has been included in their sys-)]TJ T* -.0057 Tc .2198 Tw [(tematic studies. The solution of many scientic questions in)]TJ T* -.0056 Tc .0223 Tw [(these disciplines r)18(elies on single frame analysis. However)92(, single)]TJ T* -.0057 Tc .2162 Tw [(frame r)17.9(epr)17.9(esentation in MPEG2 may be blurr)17.9(ed, which may)]TJ T* -.0056 Tc .2658 Tw [(have signicant inuence on the usability of such encoded)]TJ T* -.0057 Tc .0278 Tw (signals for scientic evaluation)Tj 4.75 0 0 4.75 485.9541 461.4194 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (4)Tj 9.5 0 0 9.5 488.5683 458.0757 Tm -.0057 Tc (. )Tj -13.1224 -2.421 TD -.0001 Tc .091 Tw [(In or)18(der to avoid this and other dilemmas in the pr)18(eservation)]TJ 0 -1.2105 TD .0177 Tc .3989 Tw [(pr)18(ocess of video r)18(e)-.1(sear)18(ch footage, audiovisual r)18(e)-.1(sear)18(ch)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc -.0345 Tw [(ar)18(chives wish to pr)18(eserve video signals in full ar)18(chival terms, fol-)]TJ T* .2783 Tw [(lowing the universally accepted model of audio ar)18(chiving)]TJ 4.75 0 0 4.75 612.3263 403.9194 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (5)Tj 9.5 0 0 9.5 614.967 400.5758 Tm (.)Tj -26.4275 -1.2105 TD .0027 Tw [(Standar)18.1(disation of video data str)18.1(eams within the MXF wrapper)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc .0164 Tw [(further)18(ed that development. Additionally)91.8(, the dramatic dr)18(op in)]TJ T* .2574 Tw [(storage prices for har)18(d)0( disks drives and computer back-up)]TJ T* 0 Tw (tapes)Tj 4.75 0 0 4.75 385.5427 357.9195 Tm 0 Tc (6)Tj 9.5 0 0 9.5 392.1465 354.5758 Tm -.0001 Tc .1393 Tw [(in r)18(e)-.1(cent years has made these endeavours nancially)]TJ -2.9727 -1.2105 TD .0894 Tw [(viable. The V)-5.8(i)0(enna Phonogrammar)18(c).1(hiv was pr)18(obably the rst,)]TJ T* .1011 Tw [(starting in 2001. This was followed by other r)18(e)-.1(sear)18(ch institu-)]TJ T* .1555 Tw [(tions including EVIA \(Ethnographic V)-5.8(ideo for Instruction and)]TJ T* .2594 Tw [(Analysis\), an online video r)18(e)-.1(sear)18(ch ar)18(chive in Bloomington,)]TJ T* .2969 Tw [(USA, and the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics in)]TJ T* .0277 Tw (Nijmegen, Netherlands. )Tj T* -.0057 Tc .0349 Tw [(Further support for this development came with the availability)]TJ T* .1714 Tw [(of the compr)17.9(ession format Motion-JPEG \(MJPEG\) 2000 in its)]TJ T* -.0056 Tc .2164 Tw [(lossless version, which, as a code r)18(egenerating format, is in)]TJ T* .0514 Tw [(compliance with ar)18(chival standar)18(ds. It has become widely used)]TJ T* -.0057 Tc .2711 Tw [(in still image pr)17.9(eservation due to its superior mathematical)]TJ T* -.0056 Tc .0022 Tw [(\(wavelet-\)algorithm. It has also become the standar)18(d)0( format for)]TJ /F10 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 84.6929 130.5366 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (3)Tj /F13 1 Tf .5559 0 TD .0006 Tw [(. These formats wer)18.1(e)0( D1 and D5, component formats that meet ITU 601,)]TJ -.5559 -1.125 TD -.0001 Tc -.035 Tw [(and the composite formats D2 and D3. ITU 601 denes the full quality digi-)]TJ T* .1081 Tw [(tal SD signal in 4.2.2 component r)18(e)-.1(pr)18(esentation. Data rate is 270Mbit/s,)]TJ T* .1916 Tw [(storage space r)18(e)-.1(quir)18(ement between 80-100 GB/hour)91.9(. Digital composite)]TJ T* .114 Tw [(formats had a data rate of 140Mbit/s r)18(e)-.1(quiring appr)18(oximately 45-50 GB)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(per hour)91.9(.)]TJ /F10 1 Tf 34.9016 11.1918 TD 0 Tw (4.)Tj /F13 1 Tf 1.1664 0 TD .0547 Tw [(Degradation of single frames depends on the bit rate. An exception is,)]TJ -1.1664 -1.125 TD .1585 Tw [(however)91.9(, if MPEG2 I-frames-only-coding is used at high bit rates \(50)]TJ T* -.0002 Tc 0 Tw (Mbit/s\). )Tj /F10 1 Tf T* -.0112 Tc (5.)Tj /F13 1 Tf 1.1568 0 TD .0784 Tw [(Following ar)18(chival principles in video ar)18(chiving would mean that all ana-)]TJ -1.1568 -1.125 TD .036 Tw [(logue video formats be br)18(ought to ITU 601. Digital video signals originating)]TJ T* .1017 Tw [(in compr)18(essed formats should be kept in this original encoding, if at all)]TJ T* -.015 Tw [(possible, as transcoding to other codecs is ultimately associated with content)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(alteration. This is possible e.g. for DV signals within the MXF wrapper)91.9(.)]TJ /F10 1 Tf T* -.0001 Tc 0 Tw (6.)Tj /F13 1 Tf 1.0754 0 TD -.0363 Tw [(In the course of the past decade, L)91.8(T)-.1(O \(Linear T)110.7(a)-.1(pe Open\) computer back-)]TJ -1.0754 -1.125 TD .0869 Tw [(up tape has gained universal popularity at ever decr)18(easing costs for tape)]TJ T* .0277 Tw (drives and media. )Tj ET /Cs11 CS 1 SCN q 1 0 0 1 84.693 140.277 cm 0 0 m 56.693 0 l S 1 0 0 1 279.212 46.464 cm 0 0 m 56.693 0 l S Q /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 236.129 567.222 222.737 68.42 re f BT /F10 1 Tf 10.5 0 0 10.5 244.6334 618.0963 Tm /Cs10 cs .81 1 .63 scn -.0002 Tc [(The most pr)17.7(ominent hindrance to the )]TJ 0 -1.2381 TD [(intr)17.7(oduction of true ar)17.7(chival standar)17.7(ds )]TJ T* [(for video storage was the cost of digital )]TJ T* -.0001 Tc [(storage space in the 1990s. )]TJ ET /Cs10 CS .81 1 .63 SCN 3 w q 1 0 0 1 238.018 624.148 cm 0 0 m 0 -44.675 l S Q endstream endobj 169 0 obj << /ExtGState << /GS2 290 0 R /GS3 315 0 R >> /Font << /F10 296 0 R /F3 299 0 R /F12 294 0 R /F13 295 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs8 291 0 R /Cs11 317 0 R /Cs10 293 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 170 0 obj << /Length 10387 >> stream /Cs10 CS .81 1 .63 SCN 0 J 0 j .3 w 10 M []0 d /GS2 gs 1 i q 1 0 0 1 648.262 439.024 cm 0 0 m 0 -354.331 l S Q /Cs10 cs .81 1 .63 scn 638.34 442.32 14.173 14.173 re f BT /F10 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 643.2031 446.69 Tm /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn 0 Tc 0 Tw (7)Tj ET /GS3 gs BT /F3 1 Tf 0 8 -8 0 644.267 224.3467 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn .0999 Tc .0251 Tw [(I)12(nternational P)29.9(r)9.9(eser)-17.7(v)5.9(a).1(tion N)29.7(e)-6(ws )-225( )-225( )-225( )-225(N)29.7(o)15.9(. 47 M)12(a).1(y 2009 )]TJ /F13 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 84.6932 814.5757 Tm -.0057 Tc .1625 Tw [(digital cinema, making the handling of their storage r)17.9(e)-.1(quir)17.9(e-)]TJ 0 -1.2105 TD .0684 Tw [(ments, which signicantly exceed even HD television signals, a)]TJ T* -.0056 Tc .0142 Tw [(viable operation. Lossless MJPEG 2000 r)18(e)0(duces storage r)18(equir)18(e-)]TJ T* -.0057 Tc .0268 Tw [(ments by up to one thir)17.9(d of the uncompr)17.9(essed signal. ITU 601,)]TJ T* -.0191 Tw [(the full quality SD signal can, ther)17.9(efor)17.9(e, be stor)17.9(ed at appr)17.9(oxima-)]TJ T* .0489 Tw [(tely 35-50 GB per hour)91.9(. The use of MJPEG 2000 as an ar)17.9(chival)]TJ T* .0793 Tw [(target format is widely discussed by audiovisual ar)17.9(chivists, and)]TJ T* -.0056 Tc .001 Tw [(was a pr)18(ominent topic at JTS 2007)]TJ 4.75 0 0 4.75 223.2264 737.4194 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (7)Tj 9.5 0 0 9.5 228.4376 734.0758 Tm -.0055 Tc .0009 Tw [(in T)110.9(o).2(r)18.1(onto. W)-23.7(i).1(th rapidly fal-)]TJ -15.131 -1.2105 TD -.0057 Tc .0818 Tw [(ling storage costs, however)91.9(,)0( ther)17.9(e ar)17.9(e voices that question the)]TJ T* .0862 Tw [(advantage of r)17.9(e)-.1(duced storage space at the expense of several)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc .4111 Tw [(possible disadvantages)]TJ 4.75 0 0 4.75 180.4299 702.9194 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (8)Tj 9.5 0 0 9.5 183.0702 699.5757 Tm -.0001 Tc .4111 Tw [(. However)92(, the world of television)]TJ -10.3555 -1.2105 TD -.0057 Tc .0278 Tw [(ar)17.9(chives has not yet signicantly moved in this dir)17.9(e)-.1(ction.)]TJ 0 -2.4211 TD -.0001 Tc .0095 Tw [(What consequences can be drawn fr)18(om this pr)18(esent situation? )]TJ T* .007 Tw [(T)110.7(e)-.1(levision ar)18(chives may continue to follow their policy of trans-)]TJ 0 -1.2105 TD .01 Tw [(ferring content fr)18(om obsolete video formats to pr)18(oduction for-)]TJ T* .2005 Tw [(mats. For SD signals this is, at pr)18(esent, to MPEG2 formats,)]TJ T* -.0107 Tw [(generally at 50Mbit/s. This is not )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 14.0461 0 TD 0 Tw (archival )Tj /F13 1 Tf 3.4874 0 TD -.0107 Tw [(in the narr)18(ower sense)]TJ -17.5335 -1.2105 TD .0688 Tw [(of the term. However)91.9(,).1( television ar)18(chives ar)18(e part of commer-)]TJ T* .0749 Tw [(cial enterprises and not of memory institutions like museums,)]TJ T* .1566 Tw [(libraries and ar)18(chives pr)18(oper)91.9(.).1( They can har)18(dly be blamed for)]TJ T* .0131 Tw [(pursuing such policy)91.8(,).1( as lossy video formats do not, in general,)]TJ T* -.0341 Tw [(hamper the viewing quality of television pr)18(ogrammes. They can)]TJ T* .0355 Tw [(justiably argue that possible r)18(e)-.1(strictions in the authenticity of)]TJ 29.3908 29.0526 TD .2529 Tw [(content details, which may be deplorable fr)18(om an ar)18(chival)]TJ 0 -1.2232 TD .1247 Tw [(point of view)55(, could only be avoided at the expense of their)]TJ T* .0328 Tw [(business driven institutions, which would be outside their mis-)]TJ T* .0277 Tw (sion and scope.)Tj 0 -2.4464 TD .0064 Tc .4102 Tw [(Audiovisual r)18(esear)18(ch collections and memory institutions,)]TJ 0 -1.2232 TD -.0001 Tc .0248 Tw [(however)91.9(, have to follow a dif)18(fer)18(e)-.1(nt policy)91.8(.).1( T)110.7(o)0( date, uncompr)18(o-)]TJ T* -.0168 Tw [(mising linear \(=non-compr)18(e)-.1(ssed\) video le ar)18(chiving has gr)18(own)]TJ T* -.0322 Tw [(beyond infancy and will spr)18(ead steadily)91.8(. Dedicated r)18(e)-.1(sear)18(ch ins-)]TJ T* .0071 Tc .4095 Tw [(titutions and major \(national\) audiovisual collections will)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc .0281 Tw [(embark on this policy as digital storage costs continue to dr)18(op)]TJ T* .0231 Tw [(and, hopefully)91.8(, mor)18(e)-.1( har)18(d)0(- and softwar)18(e)-.1( suppliers will develop)]TJ T* .3803 Tw [(workstations and tools specically dedicated to ar)18(chiving.)]TJ T* .2926 Tw [(Other institutions may wish to wait until service pr)18(oviders)]TJ T* -.0257 Tw [(extend their pr)18(ofessional services also by of)18(fering uncompr)18(omi-)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(sing video ar)18(chiving. )]TJ 0 -2.4464 TD .0079 Tw [(Finally)91.8(, it is not unr)18(ealistic to pr)18(edict that video pr)18(oduction will,)]TJ 0 -1.2232 TD -.0182 Tw [(sooner or later)91.9(,).1( follow the example of audio by leaving pr)18(oprie-)]TJ T* .1811 Tw [(tary compr)18(e)-.1(ssed formats behind and change to le formats)]TJ T* .1411 Tw [(that can be stor)18(ed in linear or losslessly compr)18(e)-.1(ssed form in)]TJ T* -.02 Tw [(digital mass storage systems. Further decr)18(eases in storage costs)]TJ T* -.0382 Tw [(will make such a policy viable also for HD signals. Once that has)]TJ T* .1649 Tw [(happened, television ar)18(chivists will r)18(e)-.1(gr)18(et that so many ana-)]TJ T* -.0182 Tw [(logue and early linear digital video originals have been pr)18(eser-)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(ved in a dif)18(fer)18(e)-.1(nt and less exible way)91.8(.).1( )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 0 -2.4464 TD 0 Tw (Acknowledgement: )Tj 0 -1.2232 TD .1619 Tw [(The author is indebted to Franz Pavuza, Phonogrammarchiv)91.8(,)]TJ T* .0438 Tw [(and Carl Fleischhauer)91.9(,).1( Librar)-17.7(y of Congress, for their support in)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(the discussion of the most recent development.)]TJ /F10 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 84.6932 509.2389 Tm 0 Tw (7.)Tj /F13 1 Tf 1.1518 0 TD .0402 Tw [(The Joint T)110.7(e)-.1(chnical Symposium \(JTS\) is organised appr)18(oximately every 3)]TJ -1.1518 -1.125 TD .3574 Tw [(years by CCAAA, the Co-or)18(dinating Council of Audiovisual Ar)18(chives)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(Associations. The Pr)18(oceedings of JTS 2007 ar)18(e awaited. )]TJ /F10 1 Tf T* 0 Tw (8.)Tj /F13 1 Tf 1.0764 0 TD -.0353 Tw [(In the United States, this issue is, )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 13.9746 0 TD [(inter alia)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 3.6298 0 TD [(, discussed by the Audio-V)-5.8(isual)]TJ -18.6808 -1.125 TD .0048 Tc .4118 Tw [(W)17.9(o)0(rking Gr)18(oup within the )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 13.2889 0 TD [(Federal Agencies Digitization Guidelines)]TJ -13.2889 -1.125 TD -.0001 Tc 0 Tw (Initiative. )Tj /F13 1 Tf 4.1364 0 TD [(http://www)55(.digitizationguidelines.gov/audio-visual)]TJ ET /Cs11 CS 1 SCN .5 w 84.943 425.144 532.413 -144.622 re 288.446 464.239 m S BT /F10 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 314.817 412.0897 Tm -.0002 Tc .0278 Tw (Select bibliography)Tj /F13 1 Tf -27.9943 -1.8543 TD -.0001 Tc [(Ahamer)91.9(, Julia & Franz Pavuza, Experiences in V)-5.8(ideo Ar)18(chiving at the Phonogrammar)18(c).1(hiv A Pr)18(ogr)18(ess Report. )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 48.0034 0 TD (IASA Journal)Tj /F13 1 Tf 5.7223 0 TD [(27, 2006, 48-56)]TJ -53.7257 -1.5 TD [(Edmondson, Ray)91.9(,).1( )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 7.632 0 TD [(Audiovisual Archiving: Philosophy and Principles)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 20.4996 0 TD [(. UNESCO, Paris, 2004 http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001364/136477e.pdf)]TJ -28.1315 -1.5 TD [(Hfner)91.9(,).1( Albr)18(echt, The Intr)18(oduction of Digital Mass Storage Systems in Radio Br)18(oadcasting: A Pr)18(ogr)18(ess Report. )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 48.0664 0 TD (IASA Journal)Tj /F13 1 Tf 5.7223 0 TD [(3, 1994, 50-55 )]TJ -53.7887 -1.5 TD .1198 Tw [(IASA T)110.7(e)-.1(chnical Committee, )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 12.1352 0 TD [(The Safeguarding of the Audio Heritage: Ethics, Principles and Preser)-17.7(vation Strategy)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 36.8786 0 TD [(, edited by Dietrich Schller)91.9(.).1( \(= IASA)]TJ -49.0137 -1.5 TD .0277 Tw [(T)110.7(e)-.1(chnical Committee - Standar)18(ds, Recommended Practices and Strategies, IASA TC-03\), V)55(e)-.1(rsion 3, 2005)]TJ 3.7914 -1.5 TD [(W)17.9(e)-.1(b version: http://www)55(.iasa-web.org/downloads/publications/TC03_English.pdf )]TJ T* [(Also available in Fr)18(ench, German, Italian, Russian, Spanish, and Swedish)]TJ -3.7914 -1.5 TD .0583 Tw [(Schller)91.9(,).1( Dietrich, T)110.7(owar)18(ds the Automated Eter)-17.7(n)0(al Sound Ar)18(chive. In: Boston, G. \(Ed.\), )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 39.0342 0 TD (Archiving the Audiovisual Heritage)Tj /F13 1 Tf 14.8958 0 TD [(. Pr)18(oceedings of the Thir)18(d)]TJ -53.93 -1.5 TD .0277 Tw [(Joint T)110.7(e)-.1(chnical Symposium, Ottawa 1990, 1992, 106-110)]TJ T* [(Schller)91.9(,).1( Dietrich, Intr)18(oduction of Bit Rate r)18(e)-.1(duction and its Consequences for Sound Ar)18(chiving. In: )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 43.5748 0 TD (IASA Journal)Tj /F13 1 Tf 5.7223 0 TD [(2, \(1993\), 32-35 )]TJ ET .3 w q 1 0 0 1 84.693 521.079 cm 0 0 m 56.693 0 l S Q .15 scn /GS2 gs 84.693 84.693 532.913 158.741 re f BT /F10 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 207.3011 227.3629 Tm /Cs12 cs 1 scn -.0002 Tc [(El ar)17.7(chivado de videos y el dilema de la compr)17.7(e)-.1(sin de datos)]TJ /F13 1 Tf -11.5608 -2.4 TD -.0001 Tc .0157 Tw [(El objetivo tico de los ar)18(chivos es pr)18(eservar la informacin entr)18(egada a su cuidado. A pesar de algunos pr)18(oblemas, gene-)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD -.0305 Tw [(ralmente es posible con los textos. Sin embargo, en el caso de los documentos que r)18(e)-.1(quier)18(e)-.1(n equipos para su lectura, entr)18(e)]TJ T* .0226 Tw [(los que se encuentran las grabaciones de audio y video, no es posible el r)18(e)-.1(sguar)18(do de los originales a largo plazo. La pr)18(e-)]TJ T* -.0133 Tw [(servacin debe, por lo tanto, concentrarse en el contenido de los portador)18(es. Este principio se acepta y se aplica en la pr)18(e-)]TJ T* .0474 Tw [(servacin de audio a largo plazo. Sin embargo, la pr)18(eservacin del video enfr)18(ent los pr)18(oblemas cr)18(eados por las grandes)]TJ T* .0119 Tw [(cantidades de datos que r)18(e)-.1(querirn un copiado posterior si no se sigue el ejemplo del mundo del audio. 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The pr)18(oject was in consequence)]TJ T* .2678 Tw [(structur)18(e)-.1(d in 4 work ar)18(eas, dealing with the main actions)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(within the pr)18(eservation and digitisation chain:)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj /F10 1 Tf .8026 0 TD -.0001 Tc .3844 Tw [(Pr)17.8(eservation W)17.7(o).1(rk Ar)17.8(ea)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 11.9391 0 TD [(: developing tools to impr)18(ove)]TJ -11.9391 -1.2739 TD -.0148 Tw [(media playback, assess the media state and organise the pr)18(e-)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(servation pr)18(ocess.)]TJ -.8026 -1.2739 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj /F10 1 Tf .8026 0 TD -.0001 Tc .006 Tw [(Restoration W)17.7(o).1(rk Ar)17.8(ea)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 10.7541 0 TD [(: corr)18(ection algorithms for r)18(eal-time)]TJ -10.7541 -1.2739 TD .0277 Tw [(and disk-based r)18(e)-.1(storation.)]TJ -.8026 -1.2739 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj /F10 1 Tf .8026 0 TD -.0001 Tc -.0077 Tw [(Storage and Ar)17.8(chive Management W)17.7(o).1(rk Ar)17.8(ea)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 21.3535 0 TD (: planning,)Tj -21.3535 -1.2739 TD -.0244 Tw [(nancial and management tasks for pr)18(eservation pr)18(ocess and)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(storage technology aspects.)]TJ -.8026 -1.2739 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj /F10 1 Tf .8026 0 TD -.0001 Tc .261 Tw [(Metadata, Access, and Delivery W)17.7(o).1(rk Ar)17.8(ea)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 21.2701 0 TD (: tools for)Tj -21.2701 -1.2739 TD -.0401 Tw [(metadata extraction and structuring, ensuring pr)18(oper delivery)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(to the ar)18(chives.)]TJ -.8026 -1.8706 TD .0446 Tw [(In parallel to these work ar)18(eas, transversal W)17.9(o)0(rkpackages per-)]TJ 0 -1.2739 TD .0303 Tw [(mitted to articulate the pr)18(oject inter)-17.7(nally and in r)18(e)-.1(gar)18(ds to the)]TJ T* .2754 Tw [(outside world, they concer)-17.7(ned: User Requir)18(ements, System)]TJ T* .1646 Tw [(Ar)18(chitectur)18(e)-.1( & Specications, Integration of r)18(e)-.1(sults, Services,)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(Exploitation & T)110.7(e)-.1(sts. )]TJ 0 -1.8706 TD .0252 Tw [(User gr)18(oups wer)18(e)-.1( organised to understand their pr)18(oblems and)]TJ 0 -1.2739 TD .2202 Tw [(experiment with intermediate developments. The main user)]TJ T* .3611 Tw [(gr)18(oups concer)-17.7(ned Audiovisual ar)18(chives, composed of 180)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 363.906 656.453 286.709 208.248 re f q 232.711 0 0 208.239 374.398 656.462 cm /Im11 Do Q /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 381.4731 639.9528 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn .0277 Tw [(Fig 1. The structur)18(e)-.1( of the pr)18(oject, with its dif)18(fer)18(e)-.1(nt work ar)18(eas.)]TJ /F10 1 Tf -2.1959 -69.4024 TD 0 Tw (3.)Tj /F13 1 Tf 1.1394 0 TD .0277 Tw [(All the r)18(e)-.1(sults can be found at: www)55(.pr)18(e)-.1(stospace.eu)]TJ ET /Cs11 CS 1 SCN q 1 0 0 1 363.906 95.38 cm 0 0 m 56.693 0 l S Q endstream endobj 175 0 obj << /ExtGState << /GS2 290 0 R /GS3 315 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs8 291 0 R /Cs11 317 0 R /Cs10 293 0 R >> /Font << /F13 295 0 R /F14 322 0 R /F9 303 0 R /F3 299 0 R /F10 296 0 R /F8 305 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text /ImageC ] /XObject << /Im11 323 0 R >> >> endobj 176 0 obj << /Length 8091 >> stream /GS3 gs BT /F13 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 84.6929 814.5757 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn -.0168 Tc .1191 Tw [(pr)17.9(oducts. Parallel to the technological developments the str)17.9(ong)]TJ 0 -1.2632 TD .0658 Tw [(exchange with the Ar)17.9(chive and Service Pr)17.9(ovider community per-)]TJ T* .0635 Tw [(mitted to understand the underlying organisational and funding)]TJ T* .0202 Tw [(pr)17.9(oblems and to pr)17.9(opose a new concept institution for pr)17.9(oviding)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(guidance to Audiovisual Ar)17.9(chives: the Competence Centr)17.9(e. )]TJ /F9 1 Tf 0 -2.8603 TD -.0001 Tc 0 Tw (Preservation)Tj /F13 1 Tf 0 -1.8599 TD .1626 Tw [(A fast, af)18(for)18(d)0(able Datacine, a Contact-less Playback T)110.7(ool for)]TJ 0 -1.2632 TD .1484 Tw [(audio disks, an Audio-tape magnet-optical playback tool, an)]TJ T* .1106 Tw [(Automated V)-5.8(ideo Pr)18(eservation tool, a Manual tape condition)]TJ T* .1834 Tw [(assessment tool and an Information System for Pr)18(eservation)]TJ T* 0 Tw (Management.)Tj /F12 1 Tf 12.2787 -2.5263 TD .0658 Tw [(A fast affordable Datacine)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 11.3618 0 TD (: speci-)Tj -11.3618 -1.2632 TD .0186 Tc .398 Tw [(c Datacine for ar)18(chive lms,)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc .1815 Tw [(spr)18(ocket-less, very gentle to lm)]TJ T* -.023 Tw [(\(even damaged\), r)18(obust to ar)18(chive)]TJ T* -.024 Tw [(lm impairments \(shrinkage, aged)]TJ T* .011 Tc .4056 Tw [(tape splices, curling, damaged)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc .2894 Tw [(spr)18(ocket holes\). It will be com-)]TJ T* .0222 Tc .5525 Tw [(mer)18(c).1(ialised by P+S TECKNIK,)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc .0277 Tw (Munich in October 2009.)Tj 8 0 0 8 201.3405 459.7332 Tm [(Fig 2: Pr)18(estoSpace Datacine pr)18(ototype.)]TJ /F12 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 84.6929 435.7332 Tm .213 Tw [(A Contact-less Playback T)91.7(ool for audio disks)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 19.8514 0 TD [(: r)18(eading audio)]TJ -19.8514 -1.2632 TD .0428 Tw [(disks without touching them, simple setup and no risk for the)]TJ T* .0081 Tw [(disk. Reduced crackle : r)18(e)-.1(duced cleaning r)18(e)-.1(quir)18(ements, r)18(obust-)]TJ T* .1773 Tw [(ness to scratches and lacquer cracks. Developed by Ina and)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(commer)18(c).1(ialised by )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 8.1457 0 TD 0 Tw (Indeep)Tj /F13 1 Tf 2.8896 0 TD -.0002 Tc (. )Tj 8 0 0 8 122.5985 247.7331 Tm -.0001 Tc .0277 Tw [(Fig 3. Pr)18(ototype of the system to be commer)18(c).1(ialised )]TJ 5.201 -1.25 TD [(by Indeep in October 2009.)]TJ /F12 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 216.0865 213.7331 Tm .0762 Tw [(An Audio-tape magneto-opti-)]TJ 0 -1.2632 TD .1499 Tw (cal playback tool)Tj /F13 1 Tf 7.4093 0 TD [(: efcient to)]TJ -7.4093 -1.2632 TD .0035 Tc .4131 Tw [(all tape speeds, ster)18(eo/dual)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc .1639 Tw [(channel tapes, 1 to 4 tracks,)]TJ T* .0396 Tw [(r)18(e)-.1(verse tracks, tracks position,)]TJ T* .0221 Tc 1.0105 Tw [(automatic head azimuth)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc .1992 Tw [(adjusting, detection and cor-)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(r)18(e)-.1(ction of dr)18(op-outs.)]TJ 8 0 0 8 216.0865 78.7331 Tm [(Fig 4. Pr)18(otopyte of the audio-tape)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD [(playback system developed )]TJ T* [(by Reply and Hi-Stor)91.9(.)]TJ ET /Cs10 CS .81 1 .63 SCN 0 J 0 j .3 w 10 M []0 d /GS2 gs 1 i q 1 0 0 1 59.182 439.023 cm 0 0 m 0 -354.33 l S Q /Cs10 cs .81 1 .63 scn 49.26 442.32 14.173 14.173 re f BT /F10 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 51.8992 446.69 Tm /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn 0 Tw (10)Tj ET /GS3 gs BT /F3 1 Tf 0 8 -8 0 55.1738 225.0144 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn .0999 Tc .0251 Tw [(I)12(nternational P)29.9(r)9.9(eser)-17.7(v)5.9(a).1(tion N)29.7(e)-6(ws )-225( )-225( )-225( )-225(N)29.7(o)15.9(. 47 M)12(a).1(y 2009)]TJ /F12 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 363.9055 814.5757 Tm -.0001 Tc -.0203 Tw [(An Automated V)17.9(ideo Preser)-17.7(vation tool:)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 16.8976 0 TD 0 Tw (uses )Tj /F10 1 Tf 2.0913 0 TD -.0002 Tc [(r)17.7(obotics)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 4.0157 0 TD -.0001 Tc (and )Tj /F10 1 Tf 1.8694 0 TD -.0002 Tc (cus-)Tj -24.8741 -1.2632 TD (tomised)Tj /F13 1 Tf 4.0523 0 TD -.0004 Tc -.0023 Tw [(softwar)17.7(e)-.4( and har)17.7(d)-.3(war)17.7(e)-.4( to )]TJ /F10 1 Tf 11.3242 0 TD -.0001 Tc -.0027 Tw (migrate large quantities)Tj /F13 1 Tf -15.3765 -1.2632 TD .0791 Tw [(of cassette contents, lower cost, higher speed, higher quality)91.8(,)]TJ T* .3429 Tw [(automated migration done on-site, r)18(obotic tape handling,)]TJ T* .1862 Tw [(r)18(obotics/signal/video/audio monitoring, pr)18(oprietary tape clea-)]TJ T* .0308 Tw [(ning corr)18(ection technologies, pr)18(oprietary time-base corr)18(ection,)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(migrates to :)]TJ /F15 1 Tf T* 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj /F13 1 Tf 1.0658 0 TD -.0001 Tc .3813 Tw [(Digital Media les - Mpeg2, Mpeg4, W)-23.9(indows Media,)]TJ 0 -1.2632 TD .1389 Tw [(MJPEG2000 \(W)17.9(orld)110.9(s rst har)18(d)0(war)18(e)-.1(-based MJPEG2K enco-)]TJ T* .0277 Tw (ding system\);)Tj /F15 1 Tf -1.0658 -1.2632 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj /F13 1 Tf 1.0658 0 TD -.0001 Tc .0277 Tw [(+ traditional videotape \(if desir)18(ed\) at the same time. )]TJ 8 0 0 8 363.9055 512.5757 Tm -.0192 Tw [(Fig 5. Robot and contr)18(ol system developed by Media Matters and commer-)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD .0277 Tw [(cialised under the name of Samma System.)]TJ /F12 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 363.9055 478.5758 Tm .0534 Tw [(A Manual tape condition assessment tool)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 18.2095 0 TD 0 Tw (and )Tj /F12 1 Tf 1.9431 0 TD .0534 Tw [(An Information)]TJ -20.1526 -1.2632 TD .3375 Tw [(System for Preser)-17.7(vation Management)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 16.9708 0 TD [(: these two develop-)]TJ -16.9708 -1.2632 TD .2105 Tw [(ments ar)18(e essential blocks for determining the state of the)]TJ T* .1526 Tw [(audiovisual collections in function of the brand of the tapes)]TJ T* -.0002 Tc -.0012 Tw (and the year of fabrication, and the Information System, called)Tj T* -.0001 Tc -.0402 Tw [(Pr)18(ecaftis, permits to follow all the linked pr)18(ocesses within a pr)18(e-)]TJ T* .1074 Tw [(servation chain and verify the corr)18(ect pr)18(eservation status and)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(the location of the physical and digital objects.)]TJ /F9 1 Tf 0 -2.8603 TD -.0002 Tc 0 Tw (Restoration)Tj /F13 1 Tf 0 -1.8599 TD -.0001 Tc -.0181 Tw [(Based on existing r)18(e)-.1(storation envir)18(onments, the pr)18(oject develo-)]TJ 0 -1.2632 TD .0577 Tw [(ped a large set of r)18(e)-.1(storation tools, impr)18(oving the state of art)]TJ T* .0536 Tw [(r)18(e)-.1(gar)18(ding defects that couldn)17.9(t be dealt with up to know and)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(impr)18(oving the quality of r)18(e)-.1(storation.)]TJ /F12 1 Tf 0 -2.5263 TD .0329 Tw [(Restoration management tool)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 12.7868 0 TD [(: this generic tool can follow job)]TJ -12.7868 -1.2632 TD .1581 Tw [(execution & pr)18(ogr)18(ess monitoring. It is interfaced to Pr)18(efactis)]TJ T* .0628 Tw [(and permits content handling. It can manage r)18(e)-.1(storation sub-)]TJ T* .0135 Tc .4031 Tw [(systems like Brava, Diamant, M.I.R., Artis, AudioCube,)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc .0277 Tw [(Dobbin, it permits r)18(e)-.1(storation plan cr)18(eation. )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 0 -2.5263 TD .0773 Tw (Defect analysis and description infrastructure)Tj /F13 1 Tf 19.4153 0 TD [(: in or)18(der to cor-)]TJ -19.4153 -1.2632 TD .0058 Tw [(r)18(e)-.1(ct defects, they have to be detected, a series of detectors for)]TJ T* .1184 Tw [(dust/dirt, grain/noise, blocking, visual activity)91.8(, \(fr)18(eezed frame\))]TJ T* .07 Tw [(wer)18(e)-.1( developed. The associated tools wer)18(e)-.1( a defect and qua-)]TJ T* .0562 Tw [(lity summary viewer on a timeline, with synchr)18(onous play and)]TJ T* .2042 Tw [(navigation, standar)18(dised defect and quality information and)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(description schemes, MPET)128.8(-7 based.)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 84.693 459.283 115.647 196.944 re f q 84.693 656.227 115.647 -196.944 re W* n .000031 906.375 702.299 -906.36 re W n q 101.353 0 0 196.93 84.693 459.297 cm /Im12 Do Q Q 84.693 256.523 253.701 124.974 re f q 193.264 0 0 124.976 114.913 256.521 cm /Im13 Do Q 84.693 56.693 130.394 162.658 re f q 84.693 219.351 130.394 -162.658 re W* n .000031 906.375 702.299 -906.36 re W n q 120.769 0 0 162.433 84.693 57.108 cm /Im14 Do Q Q 363.905 524.575 309.739 154.767 re f q 309.715 0 0 154.755 363.905 524.586 cm /Im15 Do Q endstream endobj 177 0 obj << /ExtGState << /GS2 290 0 R /GS3 315 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs8 291 0 R /Cs11 317 0 R /Cs10 293 0 R >> /Font << /F12 294 0 R /F13 295 0 R /F15 324 0 R /F9 303 0 R /F3 299 0 R /F10 296 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text /ImageC ] /XObject << /Im14 325 0 R /Im15 326 0 R /Im12 327 0 R /Im13 328 0 R >> >> endobj 178 0 obj << /Length 7473 >> stream /GS3 gs BT /F13 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 132.417 673.9686 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn -.0001 Tc .0277 Tw [(Fig 6. Interface for Defect and Quality contr)18(ol.)]TJ /F12 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 84.6932 649.9686 Tm .0194 Tw (High-level restoration algorithms)Tj /F13 1 Tf 13.9242 0 TD [(: within the audio r)18(e)-.1(storation,)]TJ -13.9242 -1.2632 TD .2132 Tw [(specic developments wer)18(e)-.1( done concer)-17.7(ning Cube-T)110.7(ec pr)18(o-)]TJ T* .0474 Tw [(ducts Audio-Cube and Dobbin. General tools for coor)18(dination)]TJ T* .2808 Tw [(of audio r)18(e)-.1(storation and integration within the r)18(e)-.1(storation)]TJ T* .0912 Tw [(workow)55(. A central editor form which the operator can start)]TJ T* .0104 Tw [(either manual or automatic r)18(e)-.1(storation. Restoration algorithms)]TJ T* .0277 Tw (plugged-in via VST interface. )Tj /F12 1 Tf 0 -1.8599 TD .0317 Tw [(Disk-to-disk real-time restoration tool)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 15.9786 0 TD [(: a disk to disk visual r)18(e)-.1(s-)]TJ -15.9786 -1.2632 TD .1461 Tw [(toration envir)18(onment integrating 3 r)18(e)-.1(storation tools: Brava )]TJ T* -.0366 Tw [(Artis and Scratchbox was developed, interfaced to RMT)110.7(. Some)]TJ T* -.0268 Tw [(of the characteristics ar)18(e: smart navigation \(go to next cut, click)]TJ T* .2315 Tw [(in timeline\), interactive r)18(e)-.1(storation of dirty splices, blotch)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(detection and r)18(e)-.1(moval, impr)18(oved motion estimation.)]TJ 0 -1.8599 TD .0824 Tw [(For the DIAMANT V2.2 system new and impr)18(oved tools wer)18(e)]TJ 0 -1.2632 TD .1276 Tw [(developed like: Re-timing, ReGrain, Pixelmotion, Image inter-)]TJ T* .3702 Tw [(polator)91.9(,).1( DFlicker)91.9(. Specically for V)-5.8(ideo suppor: DInterlace,)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(Dr)18(opOut, Dshake, FieldSplit, r)18(e)-.1(storation r)18(e)-.1(ports. )]TJ 8 0 0 8 84.6932 286.6299 Tm -.0326 Tw [(Fig 7. V)-5.8(i)0(ew of the DIAMANT system with integrated r)18(e)-.1(storation algorithms.)]TJ /F12 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 84.6932 262.6299 Tm .3159 Tw [(Film restoration software tool)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 13.499 0 TD [(: specic developments wer)18(e)]TJ -13.499 -1.2632 TD .0743 Tw [(done in the lm domain in or)18(der to corr)18(ect str)18(ong defects. In)]TJ T* .0764 Tw [(the audio domain: r)18(e)-.1(moval of wow/utter)91.9(,).1( spr)18(ocket hum and)]TJ T* .023 Tw [(noise. In the visual domain: motion estimation, blotch and dirt)]TJ T* .0461 Tw [(detection, large blotch r)18(e)-.1(moval, scratch r)18(e)-.1(moval, icker r)18(e)-.1(mo-)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(val, r)18(e)-.1(-grain.)]TJ /F9 1 Tf 0 -2.3514 TD (Storage and Archive Management)Tj /F13 1 Tf 0 -1.8599 TD .1298 Tw [(The storage and ar)18(chive management work-ar)18(ea was indeed)]TJ 0 -1.2632 TD .213 Tw [(one of the most popular within the pr)18(oject. W)17.9(o)0(rking on a)]TJ T* .1765 Tw [(constant r)18(e)-.1(lation with users, it pr)18(ovided an important back-)]TJ T* .1294 Tw [(gr)18(ound for understanding and explaining the pr)18(oblems dealt)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(within the pr)18(oject. )]TJ 0 -1.8599 TD .1042 Tw [(Among the main developments, can be found: a W)17.9(e)-.1(b-Guide)]TJ 0 -1.2632 TD .0512 Tw [(and Softwar)18(e)-.1( tool for storage planning for audiovisual pr)18(eser-)]TJ ET /Cs10 CS .81 1 .63 SCN 0 J 0 j .3 w 10 M []0 d /GS2 gs 1 i q 1 0 0 1 648.262 439.024 cm 0 0 m 0 -354.331 l S Q /Cs10 cs .81 1 .63 scn 638.34 442.32 14.173 14.173 re f BT /F10 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 640.9795 446.69 Tm /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn 0 Tw (11)Tj ET /GS3 gs BT /F3 1 Tf 0 8 -8 0 644.267 224.3467 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn .0999 Tc .0251 Tw [(I)12(nternational P)29.9(r)9.9(eser)-17.7(v)5.9(a).1(tion N)29.7(e)-6(ws )-225( )-225( )-225( )-225(N)29.7(o)15.9(. 47 M)12(a).1(y 2009 )]TJ /F13 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 363.9056 814.5757 Tm -.0001 Tc .0072 Tw [(vation, Guide and Softwar)18(e)-.1( tool for business-case planning for)]TJ T* -.0364 Tw [(audiovisual pr)18(eservation and organisation. Logistics and Quality)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(Insurance System for Audiovisual Pr)18(eservation.)]TJ T* .0927 Tw [(The r)18(e)-.1(sults of the studies, enquiries as well as the tools wer)18(e)]TJ T* .0221 Tc .4531 Tw [(made available thr)17.9(ough an online Audiovisual Ar)17.9(chive)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc .1301 Tw [(Digitisation and Storage Guide, which gave all the necessary)]TJ T* .2917 Tw [(information an ar)18(chive needs to know to understand and)]TJ T* .1674 Tw [(undertake pr)18(eservation actions)]TJ 4.75 0 0 4.75 491.452 733.9194 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (4)Tj 9.5 0 0 9.5 494.0925 730.5757 Tm -.0001 Tc .1674 Tw [(. T)110.7(ools for cost calculation or)]TJ -13.7039 -1.2632 TD .033 Tw [(pr)18(eservation planning could be found her)18(e)-.1( so to estimate cost)]TJ T* .0555 Tw [(and ef)18(fort for any audiovisual collections. A W)-23.9(i)0(ki on pr)18(eserva-)]TJ T* .1316 Tw [(tion was also installed to answer the questions and give the)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(theor)18(e)-.1(tical appr)18(oach to pr)18(eservation)]TJ 4.75 0 0 4.75 510.8784 685.9194 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (5)Tj 9.5 0 0 9.5 513.5189 682.5757 Tm (.)Tj -15.7488 -2.5263 TD -.0001 Tc .146 Tw [(It also pr)18(ovided highly useful information about storage and)]TJ 0 -1.2632 TD .2286 Tw [(storage evolution on the long-term, in or)18(der to orient and)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(inform about the evolution of costs and storage. )]TJ 8 0 0 8 363.9056 474.5757 Tm -.0142 Tw [(Fig 8. Image of the Storage management page in the Pr)18(estoSpace website.)]TJ /F9 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 363.9056 447.4026 Tm .0277 Tw [(Metadata, Delivery and Access)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 0 -1.8599 TD .021 Tw [(It is essential within an ar)18(chive pr)18(ocess to have documentation)]TJ 0 -1.2632 TD -.0104 Tw [(and publishing tools. An envir)18(onment was built within the pr)18(o-)]TJ T* .0748 Tw [(ject in or)18(der to permit the integration of existing documenta-)]TJ T* .1443 Tw [(tion and the possibility to apply specic metadata extraction)]TJ T* -.0307 Tw [(algorithms and to be able to hand impr)18(ove the documentation. )]TJ 0 -2.5263 TD -.02 Tw [(In or)18(der to achieve these objectives, several tasks wer)18(e)-.1( r)18(ealised,)]TJ 0 -1.2632 TD .1376 Tw [(the rst of them was to establish an XML document format)]TJ T* .1177 Tw [(schema in or)18(der to include existing metadata and to enlarge)]TJ T* .0437 Tw [(the extracted ones. A specic format based on P-Meta, MPET)128.8(-)]TJ T* .0185 Tw [(7 pr)18(ole nodes and ad-hoc structur)18(e)-.1(s was then conceived as a)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(framework for documentation. )]TJ 0 -2.5263 TD .2133 Tw [(The specic platforms, one for documentation and one for)]TJ 0 -1.2632 TD -.0074 Tw [(publishing contents wer)18(e)-.1( constructed, integrated within a deli-)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(very envir)18(onment called the T)91.7(u)0(r)-17.7(n)0(key system.)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 85.543 688.471 252.004 169.123 re f q 251.999 0 0 169.119 85.543 688.474 cm /Im16 Do Q 84.693 298.629 253.701 136.352 re f q 198.99 0 0 136.351 112.048 298.629 cm /Im17 Do Q 371.368 485.137 238.776 140.371 re f q 187.152 0 0 140.364 397.176 485.144 cm /Im18 Do Q 384.221 132.717 213.069 107.716 re f q 192.731 0 0 107.714 394.392 132.717 cm /Im19 Do Q /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 363.9056 122.4285 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn [(Fig 9. The structur)18(e of the documentation, publication and export system.)]TJ /F10 1 Tf 0 -3.5066 TD 0 Tw (4.)Tj /F13 1 Tf 1.1394 0 TD [(http://pr)18(e)-.1(stospace-sam.ssl.co.uk/)]TJ /F10 1 Tf -1.1394 -1.125 TD (5.)Tj /F13 1 Tf 1.1394 0 TD [(http://wiki.pr)18(e)-.1(stospace.org/)]TJ ET /Cs11 CS 1 SCN q 1 0 0 1 363.906 104.536 cm 0 0 m 56.693 0 l S Q endstream endobj 179 0 obj << /ExtGState << /GS2 290 0 R /GS3 315 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs8 291 0 R /Cs11 317 0 R /Cs10 293 0 R >> /Font << /F10 296 0 R /F12 294 0 R /F3 299 0 R /F9 303 0 R /F13 295 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text /ImageC ] /XObject << /Im16 329 0 R /Im17 330 0 R /Im18 331 0 R /Im19 332 0 R >> >> endobj 180 0 obj << /Length 10475 >> stream /GS3 gs BT /F13 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 84.6929 814.5757 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn -.0001 Tc .0771 Tw [(A series of specic GAMP)110.9(s)0( \(Generic Activity MAD Pr)18(ocessors\))]TJ 0 -1.2632 TD .0108 Tw [(wer)18(e)-.1( developed by the rich panel of academic r)18(e)-.1(sear)18(ch institu-)]TJ T* -.0093 Tw [(tions. These pr)18(ocessors can be applied to document in or)18(der to)]TJ T* .1437 Tw [(extract information to enrich the documentation. These pr)18(o-)]TJ T* .0184 Tw [(cesses can be done in Italian or English. Among them we nd:)]TJ T* .1601 Tw [(shots nder)91.9(,).1( video segmenter)91.9(,).1( speech to text, stripe images,)]TJ T* -.0229 Tw [(semantic analysis, camera motion, text segmenter)91.9(,).1( web aligner)91.9(.)]TJ /F9 1 Tf 0 -2.562 TD .0277 Tw [(A Competence Centre for audiovisual contents)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 0 -1.8599 TD -.0112 Tc .0299 Tw [(The Competence Centr)18(e is one of the most important r)18(e)-.1(sults of)]TJ 0 -1.2632 TD .0498 Tw [(the pr)18(oject; it is conceived as tool to bring advice and guidance)]TJ T* .07 Tw [(for Audiovisual actors as well as a technology integration point)]TJ T* -.0008 Tw [(wher)18(e the r)18(e)-.1(sults of Pr)18(estoSpace as well as other pr)18(ojects can be)]TJ T* -.0116 Tc -.0045 Tw [(made available to the community)91.5(.)-.3( Furthermor)17.6(e)-.5(, it would pr)17.6(ovide)]TJ T* -.0114 Tc -.0024 Tw [(a long-term integration point for futur)17.8(e)-.3( pr)17.8(ojects and r)17.8(e)-.3(main as a)]TJ T* -.0112 Tc .0277 Tw [(continuous r)18(e)-.1(fer)18(e)-.1(nce point for the audiovisual sector)91.9(.).1( )]TJ 0 -1.8599 TD .011 Tc .5134 Tw [(Initially the working concept for Pr)17.9(estoSpace was the)]TJ 0 -1.2632 TD -.0112 Tc -.0165 Tw [(Pr)18(e)-.1(servation Factory a unique place wher)18(e all the actions wer)18(e)]TJ T* .1802 Tw [(r)18(ealised in the pr)18(eservation chain. This concept is still applied)]TJ T* .0594 Tw [(within the pr)18(oject, however due to the diversity of actions nee-)]TJ T* .0557 Tw [(ded, and the non-synchr)18(onisation of them, this becomes a task)]TJ T* .0095 Tw [(that has to be structur)18(e)-.1(d and organised thr)18(ough long periods of)]TJ T* .0874 Tw [(time. The pr)18(eservation is done under factory conditions, wher)18(e)]TJ T* -.0141 Tw [(str)18(ong impr)18(ovements wer)18(e)-.1( obtained with adequate organisation)]TJ T* .0589 Tw [(and monitoring of actions and quality)91.9(.).1( The Pr)18(efactis tool descri-)]TJ T* .0091 Tw [(bed earlier r)18(ealises these actions and permits to transfer the pr)18(e-)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(servation metadata to the other ar)18(eas of work.)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc .3233 Tw [(However the feedback obtained fr)18(om users, concer)-17.7(ns the)]TJ T* .2183 Tw [(necessity for pr)18(ecise orientation and expert analysis of pr)18(o-)]TJ T* .042 Tw [(blems in or)18(der to permit decision-making. The conclusion was)]TJ T* .0759 Tw [(that the best way to bring together all the r)18(e)-.1(sults of the pr)18(o-)]TJ T* .0849 Tw [(ject was to bring them within an organisational instance that)]TJ T* -.0247 Tw [(would pr)18(ovide a certain number of facilities to the actors of the)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(domain. This implies:)]TJ T* .0019 Tc .4147 Tw [(- )395.8(Bringing together the technological and methodological)]TJ .6316 -1.2632 TD -.0001 Tc .0277 Tw [(r)18(e)-.1(sults of Pr)18(estoSpace in a centralised instance;)]TJ -.6316 -1.2632 TD .2018 Tw [(- )180.9(Gr)18(oup in a centralised instance the actors of the domain:)]TJ .6316 -1.2632 TD .0277 Tw [(Ar)18(chives, Service Pr)18(oviders, Industrials, Academics;)]TJ -.6316 -1.2632 TD .2364 Tw [(- )215.5(Make expertises of audiovisual ar)18(chives in or)18(der to orient)]TJ .6316 -1.2632 TD .1572 Tw [(them on pr)18(eservation planning and eventually build a plan)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(and monitor it;)]TJ -.6316 -1.2632 TD .3098 Tw [(- )288.9(Establish links between Ar)18(chives and Service Pr)18(oviders in)]TJ .6316 -1.2632 TD .0277 Tw [(or)18(der to nd the most ef)18(fective collaboration;)]TJ -.6316 -1.2632 TD [(- )6.8(Monitor their r)18(e)-.1(lationship;)]TJ T* .3859 Tw [(- )365(Include developments and technology of other pr)18(ojects,)]TJ .6316 -1.2632 TD .0277 Tw [(including Pr)18(estoPRIME;)]TJ -.6316 -1.2632 TD -.0223 Tc -.0144 Tw [(- )-40.3(Become a Eur)18(opean r)18(e)-.1(fer)18(e)-.1(nce point for Audiovisual Pr)18(eservation.)]TJ 0 -1.8599 TD -.0001 Tc .169 Tw [(The Competence Centr)18(e was not built within the pr)18(oject, it)]TJ 0 -1.2632 TD .2444 Tw [(was designed and it would be to the following pr)18(oject to)]TJ T* -.0164 Tw [(launch it. The global ambitions wer)18(e)-.1( accepted by the Eur)18(opean)]TJ T* .2572 Tw [(Commission, which sees in the Competence Centr)18(e a rst)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(attempt to structur)18(e)-.1( activity)91.8(, to be enlarged to other domains.)]TJ ET /Cs10 CS .81 1 .63 SCN 0 J 0 j .5 w 10 M []0 d /GS2 gs 1 i q 1 0 0 1 84.693 152.977 cm 0 0 m 253.701 0 l S Q /GS3 gs BT /F8 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 140.6691 155.2215 Tm .0306 Tw [(Living in the digital world: Pr)17.9(estoPRIME)]TJ /F13 1 Tf -5.8922 -2.4567 TD .0667 Tw [(A new pr)18(oject was launched in January 2009, under FP7, cal-)]TJ 0 -1.2632 TD .0148 Tw [(led Pr)18(estoPRIME)]TJ 4.75 0 0 4.75 149.5757 123.2265 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (6)Tj 9.5 0 0 9.5 152.2162 119.8828 Tm -.0001 Tc .0147 Tw [(. This pr)18(oject brings together some of the for-)]TJ 22.2831 73.1256 TD -.0178 Tw [(mer actors of Pr)18(estoSpace, with an overall objective of assuring)]TJ 0 -1.2632 TD .0277 Tw [(the existence of digital data on a long-term perspective. )]TJ T* .0413 Tw [(The purpose of Pr)18(estoPRIME is to r)18(e)-.1(sear)18(ch and develop practi-)]TJ T* .1744 Tw [(cal solutions for the long-term pr)18(eservation of digital media)]TJ T* .2919 Tw [(objects, pr)18(ogrammes and collections, and to nd ways to)]TJ T* .0655 Tw [(incr)18(ease access by making media ar)18(chives available within the)]TJ T* .0446 Tw [(framework of Eur)18(opean on-line digital libraries. This will r)18(e)-.1(sult)]TJ T* .0406 Tw [(in a range of tools and services made available thr)18(ough a net-)]TJ T* .1811 Tw [(worked Competence Centr)18(e. It is important to mention the)]TJ T* .0221 Tc .4246 Tw [(Eur)17.9(opean Digital Library Foundation as a partner)91.9(, this)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc .2152 Tw [(Foundation, in charge of the Eur)18(opeana Portal, brings new)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(access possibilities to the domain. )]TJ /F9 1 Tf 0 -2.562 TD -.0002 Tc [(The four principal objectives of the project)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 0 -1.8599 TD -.0001 Tc .0339 Tw [( )9.2(T)110.7(o)0( r)18(e)-.1(sear)18(ch and develop means of ensuring the permanence)]TJ .8026 -1.2632 TD .0607 Tw [(of digital audiovisual content in ar)18(chives, libraries, museums)]TJ T* .0277 Tw (and other collections.)Tj -.8026 -1.2632 TD -.0223 Tc -.0178 Tw [()-11.2( )-49.5(T)110.8(o)0( r)18(e)-.1(sear)18(ch and develop means of ensuring the long-term futur)18(e)]TJ .7763 -1.2632 TD .0277 Tw [(access to audiovisual content in dynamically changing contexts.)]TJ -.7763 -1.2632 TD -.0001 Tc .092 Tw [( )67.3(T)110.7(o)0( integrate, evaluate and demonstrate tools and pr)18(ocesses)]TJ .8026 -1.2632 TD .0277 Tw [(for audiovisual digital permanence and access.)]TJ -.8026 -1.2632 TD .1419 Tw [( )117.2(T)110.7(o)0( establish a Eur)18(opean networked Competence Centr)18(e to)]TJ .8026 -1.2632 TD .0673 Tw [(gather the knowledge cr)18(eated by Pr)18(estoPRIME and use it to)]TJ T* .1481 Tw [(deliver advanced digital pr)18(eservation advice and services in)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(conjunction with the Eur)18(opean Digital Library Foundation. )]TJ /F9 1 Tf -.8026 -2.562 TD (The partners)Tj /F13 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 363.9055 478.5599 Tm -.0337 Tw [(Institut National de lAudiovisuel / British Br)18(oadcasting Corporation)]TJ 0 -1.3333 TD .0163 Tw [(/ Radiotelevisione Italiana / Joanneum Resear)18(ch Forschungs-gesell-)]TJ T* -.0136 Tw [(schaft mbH / Netherlands Institute for Sound and V)-5.8(ision - Beeld en)]TJ T* .1339 Tw [(Geluid / Oesterr)18(e)-.1(ichischer Rundfunk / Ex Libris / EURIX / Dor)18(e)-.1(mi)]TJ T* 0 Tc .0024 Tw [(T)110.8(e)0(chnologies / T)110.8(e)0(chnicolor / IT Innovation / University of Liverpool /)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc .1493 Tw [(V)36.9(r).1(ije Universiteit Amster)18(dam / Universitaet Innsbruck / Eur)18(opean)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(Digital Library Foundation)]TJ 0 -2.6667 TD .0337 Tw [(T)110.7(o)0(tal budget of the pr)18(oject: 12M)]TJ /F14 1 Tf 14.0952 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F13 1 Tf .5559 0 TD -.0001 Tc .0337 Tw [(. Pr)18(oject starts on January 2009)]TJ -14.6511 -1.3333 TD .0277 Tw [(and ends in June 2012. )]TJ ET /GS2 gs q 1 0 0 1 363.905 338.308 cm 0 0 m 253.701 0 l S Q /GS3 gs BT /F8 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 563.7236 340.5522 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (Conclusion)Tj /F13 1 Tf -21.0335 -2.4567 TD -.0001 Tc .1852 Tw [(The series of Pr)18(e)-.1(sto pr)18(ojects have br)18(ought to Audiovisual)]TJ 0 -1.2632 TD .1491 Tw [(ar)18(chive community)91.8(,).1( an ef)18(fective answer concer)-17.7(ning the dan-)]TJ T* .0051 Tw [(gers and the r)18(o)0(ads that lead to the digital world. New answers)]TJ T* .0607 Tw [(ar)18(e being sear)18(ched today for long-term pr)18(eservation of digital)]TJ T* .0545 Tw [(contents; it is not only a question of survival of data, it is also)]TJ T* -.0104 Tw [(an important incentive for ar)18(chives to get into the digital world)]TJ T* .085 Tw [(and have the necessary assurance that their contents will not)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(be in danger)91.9(.).1( )]TJ 0 -1.8599 TD -.0181 Tw [(Important landmarks have been established, new technology is)]TJ 0 -1.2632 TD .0492 Tw [(accessible, and an ef)18(fective know-how is being transmitted to)]TJ T* .0527 Tw [(all ar)18(chives. This is the r)18(e)-.1(sult of the concerted actions of main)]TJ T* .0813 Tw [(actors of the audiovisual domain, with the indispensable fun-)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(ding and orientation br)18(ought by the Eur)18(opean Community)91.9(.)]TJ ET .3 w /GS2 gs q 1 0 0 1 59.182 439.023 cm 0 0 m 0 -354.33 l S Q /Cs10 cs .81 1 .63 scn 49.26 442.32 14.173 14.173 re f BT /F10 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 51.8992 446.69 Tm /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn 0 Tw (12)Tj ET /GS3 gs BT /F3 1 Tf 0 8 -8 0 55.1738 225.0144 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn .0999 Tc .0251 Tw [(I)12(nternational P)29.9(r)9.9(eser)-17.7(v)5.9(a).1(tion N)29.7(e)-6(ws )-225( )-225( )-225( )-225(N)29.7(o)15.9(. 47 M)12(a).1(y 2009)]TJ /F10 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 84.6929 85.5564 Tm -.0001 Tc 0 Tw (6.)Tj /F13 1 Tf 1.1394 0 TD [(http://pr)18(e)-.1(stoprime.org)]TJ ET /Cs11 CS 1 SCN q 1 0 0 1 84.693 95.717 cm 0 0 m 56.693 0 l S Q endstream endobj 181 0 obj << /ExtGState << /GS2 290 0 R /GS3 315 0 R >> /Font << /F13 295 0 R /F14 322 0 R /F9 303 0 R /F3 299 0 R /F10 296 0 R /F8 305 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs8 291 0 R /Cs11 317 0 R /Cs10 293 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 182 0 obj << /Length 10250 >> stream /Cs10 CS .81 1 .63 SCN 0 J 0 j .3 w 10 M []0 d /GS2 gs 1 i q 1 0 0 1 648.262 439.024 cm 0 0 m 0 -354.331 l S Q /Cs10 cs .81 1 .63 scn 638.34 442.32 14.173 14.173 re f BT /F10 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 640.9795 446.69 Tm /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn -.0001 Tc 0 Tw (13)Tj ET /GS3 gs BT /F3 1 Tf 0 8 -8 0 644.267 224.3467 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn .0999 Tc .0251 Tw [(I)12(nternational P)29.9(r)9.9(eser)-17.7(v)5.9(a).1(tion N)29.7(e)-6(ws )-225( )-225( )-225( )-225(N)29.7(o)15.9(. 47 M)12(a).1(y 2009 )]TJ /F13 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 84.6932 718.7714 Tm -.0001 Tc -.0347 Tw [(This paper covers: 1\) the basic pr)18(eservations pr)18(oblems of audio-)]TJ 0 -1.2105 TD .0221 Tc .4703 Tw [(visual ar)17.9(chives ar)17.9(e r)17.9(e)-.1(viewed, including data fr)17.9(om the)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc .0479 Tw [(Pr)18(estoSpace and T)67.8(APE surveys; 2\) an appr)18(oach to pr)18(eservation)]TJ T* .1206 Tw [(planning, str)18(e)-.1(ssing that pr)18(eservation work needs to be infor-)]TJ T* .0241 Tw [(med by a general strategy for a collection or institution; 3\) the)]TJ T* .0453 Tw [(work needed to build a business case in or)18(der to get funding;)]TJ T* -.0058 Tw [(4\) the general principles of audiovisual pr)18(eservation; 5\) a detai-)]TJ T* .1438 Tw [(led r)18(o)0(admap showing the pr)18(eferr)18(e)-.1(d strategy and choices for)]TJ T* -.009 Tw [(migration fr)18(om old formats, and nally 6\) the new pr)18(oblems of)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(digital pr)18(eservation.)]TJ ET .5 w /GS2 gs q 1 0 0 1 84.693 578.85 cm 0 0 m 253.701 0 l S Q /GS3 gs BT /F8 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 187.4122 581.0942 Tm .0306 Tw [(Br)17.9(oadcast content: who car)17.9(e).1(s?)]TJ /F13 1 Tf -10.8125 -2.4041 TD .0001 Tw [(The tomb of John Keats in Rome has the inscription: Her)18(e lies)]TJ 0 -1.2105 TD .0335 Tw [(one whose name was writ in water. Br)18(oadcasting has a simi-)]TJ T* .0345 Tw [(lar concer)-17.7(n our output, the whole r)18(e)-.1(sult of all our ef)18(fort is)]TJ T* .002 Tw [(writ on the ether. Ther)18(e is nothing left of br)18(oadcasting unless)]TJ T* -.0327 Tw [(it is r)18(e)-.1(cor)18(d)0(ed, collected and pr)18(eserved; an operation that would)]TJ T* .119 Tw [(be sterile unless ther)18(e ar)18(e also mechanisms for access to the)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(pr)18(eserved content.)]TJ 8 0 0 8 84.6932 282.2555 Tm .094 Tw [(Figur)18(e 1. Keats T)110.7(o)0(mb. http://www)55(.flickr)91.9(.com/photos/sgrunt/2077401671/)]TJ 0 -1.4375 TD .0277 Tw [(Cr)18(eative Commons licence.)]TJ 9.5 0 0 9.5 84.6932 247.7555 Tm .0612 Tw [(The pr)18(oblems of br)18(oadcast pr)18(eservation begin with collection.)]TJ 0 -1.2105 TD .2505 Tw [(Most Eur)18(opean countries have a tradition of public service)]TJ T* .2351 Tw [(br)18(oadcasting, and part of that tradition is the existence of)]TJ T* .2182 Tw [(br)18(oadcast ar)18(chives either national institutions as with the)]TJ T* .0876 Tw [(Fr)18(ench Institut National de lAudiovisuel)]TJ 4.75 0 0 4.75 248.2777 205.0993 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (1)Tj 9.5 0 0 9.5 254.3901 201.7556 Tm -.0001 Tc .0876 Tw (and the Netherlands)Tj -17.8628 -1.2105 TD .2959 Tw [(Institute for Sound and V)-5.8(ision)]TJ 4.75 0 0 4.75 216.3283 193.5994 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (2)Tj 9.5 0 0 9.5 224.4202 190.2556 Tm -.0001 Tc .2959 Tw [( or ar)18(chives of individual)]TJ -14.7081 -1.2105 TD .029 Tw [(br)18(oadcasters \(for example RAI, ORF)129(, SVT)110.7(,).1( R)-5.9(TE, NRK, BBC and)]TJ T* .0333 Tw [(the r)18(e)-.1(gional br)18(oadcasters in Germany\). In the UK the situation)]TJ T* .0416 Tw [(is complicated by an overlap of concer)-17.7(ns, shar)18(e)-.1(d amongst the)]TJ T* .3071 Tw [(BBC, the British Film Institute)]TJ 4.75 0 0 4.75 213.5003 147.5994 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (3)Tj 9.5 0 0 9.5 221.6982 144.2555 Tm -.0001 Tc .3071 Tw (\(which is also the national)Tj -14.4216 -1.2105 TD .006 Tw [(ar)18(chive for television content )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 13.3417 0 TD 0 Tw (except )Tj /F13 1 Tf 3.0603 0 TD .006 Tw (for the BBC, though the)Tj 12.9888 61.7561 TD .0239 Tw [(BFI is the public access mechanism for BBC content, and has a)]TJ 0 -1.2105 TD .0469 Tw [(mechanism for r)18(e)-.1(cor)18(ding of)18(f-air\) and the British Library Sound)]TJ T* .1693 Tw [(Ar)18(chive \(which pr)18(ovides public access to BBC radio content,)]TJ T* .1046 Tw [(and does selective of)18(f-air r)18(e)-.1(cor)18(dings of other radio br)18(oadcas-)]TJ T* .2782 Tw [(ting\). T)110.7(o)0( add complication, access to br)18(oadcast content in)]TJ T* .2277 Tw [(higher education is gover)-17.7(ned by the Educational Recor)18(ding)]TJ T* 0 Tw (Agency)Tj 4.75 0 0 4.75 393.9875 653.7817 Tm 0 Tc (4)Tj 9.5 0 0 9.5 396.628 650.438 Tm -.0001 Tc -.0057 Tw [(, and TV content \(BBC and other channels\) can be pr)18(o-)]TJ -3.4445 -1.2105 TD .0312 Tw [(vided to higher education fr)18(om of)18(f-air r)18(e)-.1(cor)18(dings made by the)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(British University Film and V)-5.8(ideo Council)]TJ 4.75 0 0 4.75 527.8016 630.7817 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (5)Tj 9.5 0 0 9.5 530.4422 627.438 Tm (.)Tj -17.5302 -1.8073 TD -.0001 Tc -.0182 Tw [(The UK situation is awkwar)18(d, but at least ther)18(e is a lot of r)18(e)-.1(cor-)]TJ 0 -1.2105 TD .0269 Tw [(ding and collecting. In the USA, wher)18(e the major br)18(oadcasters)]TJ T* .2205 Tw [(ar)18(e commer)18(c).1(ial, the br)18(oadcast ar)18(chives ar)18(e also commer)18(cial)]TJ T* .0095 Tw [(and pr)18(ovided limited public access \(Jef)18(f).1( Ubois has documented)]TJ T* .0228 Tw (the difculties in his paper)Tj 4.75 0 0 4.75 471.3726 567.6125 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (6)Tj 9.5 0 0 9.5 476.8697 564.2687 Tm -.0001 Tc .0228 Tw [(describing a sear)18(ch for TV material)]TJ -11.891 -1.2105 TD .1323 Tw [(fr)18(om the early 1980s\). Odd exceptions have developed, allo-)]TJ T* -.0389 Tw [(wing V)55(a)-.1(nderbilt University to r)18(e)-.1(cor)18(d)0( television news)]TJ 4.75 0 0 4.75 570.3184 544.6125 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (7)Tj 9.5 0 0 9.5 575.2297 541.2687 Tm -.0001 Tc -.0389 Tw [(of)18(f-air)91.9(, but)]TJ -22.2446 -1.2105 TD -.0178 Tw [(otherwise TV is ar)18(chived by the br)18(oadcasters themselves. Public)]TJ T* .0663 Tw [(br)18(oadcasting in the USA is similarly a dispersed activity)91.8(, based)]TJ T* .0581 Tw [(on individual stations or even individual pr)18(ogrammes. Ther)18(e is)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(no compr)18(e)-.1(hensive pr)18(eservation pr)18(ogramme.)]TJ 0 -1.8073 TD -.0112 Tc -.0223 Tw [(That)110.9(s)0( the situation as seen politically)91.9(. An engineer)110.9(s)0( view asks for)]TJ 0 -1.2105 TD .0203 Tw [(the technical specication: what exactly is being collected? Her)18(e)]TJ T* -.0064 Tw [(ther)18(e ar)18(e two basic answers: )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 12.0532 0 TD (studio quality)Tj /F13 1 Tf 5.82 0 TD (\(meaning the highest)Tj -17.8732 -1.2105 TD .2822 Tw [(quality available\) material can be collected, or r)18(e)-.1(cor)18(dings in)]TJ /F12 1 Tf T* .2265 Tw (broadcast quality )Tj /F13 1 Tf 7.8071 0 TD [(can be made of)18(f-air)91.9(.).1( The latter is the easy)]TJ -7.8071 -1.2105 TD .0332 Tw [(options, especially for a national body)91.9(. But the former)91.9(,).1( ar)18(chiving)]TJ T* -.0208 Tw [(of studio quality content, is the )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 13.0516 0 TD 0 Tw (only )Tj /F13 1 Tf 1.9791 0 TD -.0208 Tw [(way to captur)18(e the full tech-)]TJ -15.0307 -1.2105 TD .013 Tw [(nical quality of the content. As with any ar)18(chiving pr)18(ocess, it is a)]TJ T* .0753 Tw [(matter of principle to always seek to captur)18(e the best. Just as)]TJ T* -.0222 Tw [(one would pr)18(efer an original manuscript to a photocopy)91.9(, captur)18(e)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(of)18(f-air is a poor second-best, to engineers and to ar)18(chivists.)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc .0884 Tw [(T)110.7(o)0( show the dif)18(fer)18(e)-.1(nce, her)18(e)-.1( ar)18(e two photographs that dif)18(fer)]TJ T* .1156 Tw [(by r)18(oughly the same factor as the dif)18(fer)18(e)-.1(nce between studio)]TJ T* .028 Tw [(and br)18(oadcast quality)91.8(.).1( If only the second is ar)18(chived, the detail)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(and corr)18(ect colours of the original ar)18(e lost for)18(e)-.1(ver)91.9(.)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 20 0 0 20 123.9559 807.2964 Tm .0258 Tw [(P)29.9(r)19.8(eser)-17.8(v)6(a)0(tion of B)6(r)5.9(oadcast Ar)12(chiv)29.9(es a BBC P)59.9(e)0(rspectiv)29.9(e)]TJ /F10 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 94.6971 768.2966 Tm -.0002 Tc .0278 Tw [(by Richar)17.7(d)0( W)17.6(r)-.1(ight, )]TJ /F13 1 Tf 9.1021 0 TD -.0001 Tc [(Senior Resear)18(ch Engineer)]TJ -9.1021 -1.3636 TD [(BBC Resear)18(ch & Development, UK)]TJ ET 3 w /GS2 gs q 1 0 0 1 86.593 777.565 cm 0 0 m 0 -24.087 l S Q /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn 84.693 294.04 253.701 184.254 re f q 84.693 478.294 253.701 -184.254 re W* n .000031 906.375 702.299 -906.36 re W n /GS3 gs q 178.228 0 0 184.248 122.421 294.046 cm /Im20 Do Q Q /GS3 gs BT /F10 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 84.6932 103.2837 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn 0 Tw (1.)Tj /F13 1 Tf 1.1393 0 TD -.0002 Tc [(www)54.9(.ina.fr )]TJ /F10 1 Tf -1.1393 -1.125 TD -.0001 Tc (2.)Tj /F13 1 Tf 1.1393 0 TD (http://portal.beeldengeluid.nl/)Tj /F10 1 Tf -1.1393 -1.125 TD (3.)Tj /F13 1 Tf 1.1393 0 TD [(www)55(.bfi.org.uk )]TJ ET /Cs11 CS 1 SCN .3 w q 1 0 0 1 84.693 113.394 cm 0 0 m 56.693 0 l S 1 0 0 1 279.213 27.992 cm 0 0 m 56.693 0 l S Q /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 363.906 155.239 195.416 149.355 re f q 363.906 304.594 195.416 -149.355 re W* n .000031 906.375 702.299 -906.36 re W n q 158.223 0 0 149.355 363.619 155.238 cm /Im21 Do Q Q /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 490.0475 176.2508 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn .0277 Tw [(Figur)18(e 2. High quality image \(left\))]TJ 0 -1.25 TD [(and low-quality)91.8(,).1( as in of)18(f-air )]TJ T* -.0002 Tc [(r)17.9(e)-.2(cor)17.9(ding \(right\). R)-6(W)]TJ /F10 1 Tf -15.7677 -3.3168 TD -.0001 Tc 0 Tw (4.)Tj /F13 1 Tf 1.1394 0 TD [(www)55(.era.org.uk )]TJ /F10 1 Tf -1.1394 -1.125 TD (5.)Tj /F13 1 Tf 1.1394 0 TD [(www)55(.bufvc.ac.uk )]TJ /F10 1 Tf -1.1394 -1.125 TD (6.)Tj /F13 1 Tf 1.4561 0 TD .3445 Tw [(Ubois, Jef)18(f, Finding Murphy Br)18(own: How Accessible ar)18(e Historic)]TJ -1.4561 -1.125 TD .0118 Tw [(T)110.7(e)-.1(levision Br)18(oadcasts?, )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 10.4498 0 TD [(Journal of Digital Information)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 12.533 0 TD [(, V)55(ol 7, No 2 \(2006\);)]TJ -22.9828 -1.125 TD 0 Tw [(http://www)55(.ar)18(chival.tv/MurphyBr)18(own-final.pdf)]TJ /F10 1 Tf T* (7.)Tj /F13 1 Tf 1.1394 0 TD .0277 Tw [(V)55(a)-.1(nderbilt T)110.7(e)-.1(levision News Ar)18(chive: http://tvnews.vanderbilt.edu/)]TJ ET endstream endobj 183 0 obj << /ExtGState << /GS2 290 0 R /GS3 315 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs11 317 0 R /Cs10 293 0 R /Cs8 291 0 R /Cs13 333 0 R >> /Font << /F12 294 0 R /F13 295 0 R /F6 302 0 R /F3 299 0 R /F10 296 0 R /F8 305 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC ] /XObject << /Im21 334 0 R /Im20 335 0 R >> >> endobj 184 0 obj << /Length 12002 >> stream /Cs10 CS .81 1 .63 SCN 0 J 0 j .3 w 10 M []0 d /GS2 gs 1 i q 1 0 0 1 59.182 439.023 cm 0 0 m 0 -354.33 l S Q /Cs10 cs .81 1 .63 scn 49.26 442.32 14.173 14.173 re f BT /F10 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 51.8992 446.69 Tm /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn -.0001 Tc 0 Tw (14)Tj ET /GS3 gs BT /F3 1 Tf 0 8 -8 0 55.1738 225.0144 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn .0999 Tc .0251 Tw [(I)12(nternational P)29.9(r)9.9(eser)-17.7(v)5.9(a).1(tion N)29.7(e)-6(ws )-225( )-225( )-225( )-225(N)29.7(o)15.9(. 47 M)12(a).1(y 2009)]TJ ET .5 w /GS2 gs q 1 0 0 1 84.693 812.331 cm 0 0 m 253.701 0 l S Q /GS3 gs BT /F8 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 173.7443 814.5757 Tm -.0001 Tc .0306 Tw [(Pr)17.9(oblems of audiovisual material)]TJ /F13 1 Tf -9.3738 -2.7024 TD -.0057 Tc .021 Tw [(In 2004, the EC pr)17.9(oject Pr)17.9(estoSpace)]TJ 4.75 0 0 4.75 228.641 792.2462 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (8)Tj 9.5 0 0 9.5 234.0417 788.9026 Tm -.0057 Tc .021 Tw (performed a survey)Tj 4.75 0 0 4.75 311.5787 792.2462 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (9)Tj 9.5 0 0 9.5 316.9793 788.9026 Tm -.0057 Tc (cove-)Tj -24.4512 -1.2105 TD -.006 Tc -.0036 Tw [(ring 11 countries, with additional data fr)17.6(om the public websites)]TJ T* -.0057 Tc .0324 Tw [(of audiovisual ar)17.9(chives in another 9 countries. The 2004 survey)]TJ T* -.0177 Tw [(cover)17.9(e)-.1(d the largest ar)17.9(chives in each of these countries. The data)]TJ T* .0341 Tw [(was gr)17.9(eatly extended by the survey in 2005 run by the EC pr)17.9(o-)]TJ T* -.0036 Tw [(ject T)67.7(APE)]TJ 4.75 0 0 4.75 121.0013 734.7462 Tm -.0056 Tc 0 Tw (10)Tj 9.5 0 0 9.5 126.2296 731.4025 Tm -.006 Tc -.0033 Tw [(, with r)17.6(esponses fr)17.6(om nearly 400 ar)17.6(chives of all sized. )]TJ /F10 1 Tf -2.8804 -1.8073 TD -.0003 Tc -.0041 Tw [(How much audiovisual material is out ther)17.6(e? )]TJ /F13 1 Tf 21.2848 0 TD 0 Tc -.0044 Tw [(The T)67.9(APE)]TJ -21.2848 -1.2105 TD -.0001 Tc .2211 Tw [(survey found about 25 million hours of lm, video and)]TJ T* .0863 Tw [(audio in Eur)18(ope. Pr)18(estoSpace had found 10 million hours,)]TJ T* -.0003 Tc -.0041 Tw [(but ther)17.8(e is an estimated ve million hours in common bet-)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc -.0159 Tw [(ween the two surveys meaning a total of 30 million hours)]TJ T* .261 Tw [(of audiovisual content held in formal collections. These)]TJ T* .0443 Tw [(gur)18(es support the general estimate of 50 million hours in)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(Eur)18(ope, and 200 million worldwide)]TJ 4.75 0 0 4.75 242.2666 637.0769 Tm 0 Tw (11)Tj 9.5 0 0 9.5 247.5478 633.7332 Tm 0 Tc (.)Tj /F10 1 Tf -15.6507 -1.8073 TD -.0002 Tc .2618 Tw [(What condition is it in?)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 12.4736 0 TD -.0001 Tc [(Accor)18(ding to T)67.8(APE, 70% of)]TJ -12.4736 -1.2105 TD .1439 Tw [(material is seen by its curators as in acceptable, good or)]TJ T* .0752 Tw [(very good condition, and 30% is deemed deteriorating or)]TJ T* 0 Tw (unknown. )Tj /F10 1 Tf 4.6094 0 TD -.0005 Tc -.0033 Tw [(But half the ar)17.4(chives do not have contr)17.4(olled)]TJ -4.6094 -1.2105 TD -.0002 Tc .1685 Tw [(storage conditions, half have no r)17.7(e)-.1(gular equipment)]TJ T* .0034 Tc .4132 Tw [(maintenance, and 2/3 do not have a systematic)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc .0277 Tw [(pr)17.8(eservation pr)17.8(ogramme.)]TJ 0 -1.8073 TD -.0113 Tc -.0134 Tw (What is being done?)Tj /F13 1 Tf 9.6675 0 TD -.0112 Tc -.0135 Tw [(Pr)18(eservation pr)18(ojects wer)18(e)-.1( planned or)]TJ -9.6675 -1.2105 TD .0979 Tw [(underway to transfer about 250 000 items per year: about)]TJ T* -.0136 Tw [(1.5% of total holdings. At that rate it would take 60 years to)]TJ T* -.011 Tc .0022 Tw [(deal with curr)18.2(ent holdings. Much of the material will not last)]TJ T* -.0112 Tc .0168 Tw [(for 60 years; average format life of videotape is 20 years or)]TJ T* .0548 Tw [(less \(as little as 10\), and then the format becomes obsolete.)]TJ T* .2806 Tw [(Life expectancy of the material itself varies with storage)]TJ T* .1529 Tw [(conditions, but without cold, dry storage most audiovisual)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(materials deteriorate after 20 to 30 years. 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Format obso-)]TJ T* .1302 Tw [(lescence, media deterioration and damage mean that all the)]TJ T* .0589 Tw [(video and audio will need to be digitised and moved to some)]TJ T* -.018 Tw [(form of digital storage. The situation for lm is dif)18(fer)18(e)-.1(nt, as the)]TJ T* .2055 Tw [(format is not obsolete in the same sense as for audio and)]TJ T* .0452 Tw [(video. Film pr)18(ojectors and lm itself can easily last for another)]TJ T* .0651 Tw [(century)91.8(,).1( and some forms of lm, in pr)18(oper storage, could last)]TJ T* .0277 Tw (400 years)Tj 4.75 0 0 4.75 124.0122 199.2226 Tm 0 Tw (13)Tj 9.5 0 0 9.5 129.2933 195.8789 Tm 0 Tc (.)Tj 24.696 65.126 TD -.0001 Tc .0494 Tw [(For all the audio and video \(which was 95% of the 20 million)]TJ 0 -1.2105 TD .0184 Tw [(hours in the T)67.8(APE survey\), active steps will have to be taken or)]TJ T* -.0183 Tw [(the material will be lost, within 20 to 30 years. This pr)18(ocess has)]TJ T* .0304 Tw [(started, and indeed the new pr)18(oject Pr)18(estoPRIME)]TJ 4.75 0 0 4.75 563.2057 783.4194 Tm 0 Tw (14)Tj 9.5 0 0 9.5 571.4154 780.0757 Tm .0304 Tw (has estima-)Tj -21.8431 -1.2105 TD .0214 Tw [(ted that br)18(oadcasters have digitised something like ve million)]TJ T* .099 Tw [(hours of content alr)18(eady)91.8(.).1( However it is an expensive pr)18(ocess,)]TJ T* -.0388 Tw [(which r)18(e)-.1(quir)18(es planning rst in or)18(der to know what to do and)]TJ T* -.0138 Tw [(the most economical way to do it, and second in or)18(der to build)]TJ T* .0139 Tw [(up the information the business case that is inevitably nee-)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(ded in or)18(der to raise funding.)]TJ 0 -1.8073 TD -.0118 Tw [(Pr)18(estoSpace has published an online guide)]TJ 4.75 0 0 4.75 535.2552 697.2501 Tm 0 Tw (15)Tj 9.5 0 0 9.5 543.064 693.9065 Tm -.0118 Tw [(to audiovisual pr)18(e-)]TJ -18.8588 -1.2105 TD -.0405 Tw [(servation, which gives mor)18(e)-.1( detail and mor)18(e)-.1( examples; this arti-)]TJ T* -.0099 Tw [(cle will give a summary of the r)18(e)-.1(commended planning pr)18(ocess.)]TJ 0 -1.8073 TD .0277 Tw [(The Pr)18(estoSpace r)18(e)-.1(commended pr)18(ocess has these stages:)]TJ /F12 1 Tf 0 -1.2105 TD -.0003 Tc -.0041 Tw [( )-29(Cartography and triage)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 10.6815 0 TD -.0005 Tc -.0039 Tw (: make a map of your collections, and)Tj -9.8789 -1.2105 TD -.0001 Tc .0277 Tw [(divide the overall task into parts, by priority)91.8(.)]TJ -.8026 -1.2105 TD .0247 Tw [( Develop )54.7(a )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 5.243 0 TD -.03 Tw (collection strategy)Tj /F13 1 Tf 7.6888 0 TD [(: pr)18(eservation is a strategic issue,)]TJ -12.1292 -1.2105 TD .1277 Tw [(and must t the particular cir)18(c).1(umstances of a collection or)]TJ T* -.0058 Tw [(institution. In the BBC, we ar)18(e moving \(gradually\) fr)18(om 1 mil-)]TJ T* .0335 Tw [(lion hours of content, on 100 km of shelves, to an all digital)]TJ T* -.0413 Tw [(collection on various forms of digital storage. This change will)]TJ T* .0166 Tw [(be part of a major change in the ways of working acr)18(oss the)]TJ T* .0565 Tw [(ar)18(chive, and acr)18(oss the whole BBC. W)17.9(e)-.1( need to do the best)]TJ T* .0349 Tw [(we can to plan our pr)18(eservation work in or)18(der to achieve an)]TJ T* .2058 Tw [(all-digital ar)18(chive that best suits the futur)18(e)-.1( usage r)18(e)-.1(quir)18(e-)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(ments of that ar)18(chive if we can pr)18(edict them!)]TJ 8 0 0 8 363.9055 305.7372 Tm -.0052 Tw [(Figur)18(e 3. A bit of the BBC ar)18(chive)110.9(s)0( 100 km of shelves eventually all to be)]TJ 0 -1.25 TD .0277 Tw [(digitised. BBC: photo used with permission.)]TJ 9.5 0 0 9.5 363.9055 272.7372 Tm .1713 Tw [( )146.6(W)-23.9(i)0(thin this collection planning a )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 15.6817 0 TD [(preser)-17.7(vation strategy)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 9.5239 0 TD 0 Tw (can)Tj -24.4029 -1.2105 TD .0458 Tw [(then be developed. The pr)18(eservation strategy is about much)]TJ T* .1105 Tw [(mor)18(e)-.1( than digitisation because digitisation is one pr)18(ocess)]TJ T* -.0007 Tw [(and pr)18(eservation has to be about all the pr)18(ocesses needed to)]TJ T* .0277 Tw (maintain content.)Tj -.8026 -1.2105 TD .0213 Tw [( Finally)91.8(, for specic gr)18(oups of material, a specic )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 21.4668 0 TD 0 Tw [(preser)-17.7(vation)]TJ -20.6642 -1.2105 TD (plan)Tj /F13 1 Tf 2.3631 0 TD .2515 Tw [(will set out the actions, such as digitisation of one)]TJ -2.3631 -1.2105 TD .0122 Tw [(audiovisual format, that ar)18(e identied for tr)18(eating as a speci-)]TJ T* .0482 Tw [(c pr)18(oject. All the usual techniques of pr)18(oject management,)]TJ T* .2153 Tw [(fr)18(om funding to sign-of)18(f, can then be used on individual)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(actions in a pr)18(eservation plan.)]TJ /F10 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 84.6929 166.5669 Tm 0 Tw (8.)Tj /F13 1 Tf 1.1394 0 TD [(http://www)55(.pr)18(e)-.1(stospace.org/)]TJ /F10 1 Tf -1.1394 -1.125 TD (9.)Tj /F13 1 Tf 1.3471 0 TD .2355 Tw [(Richar)18(d)0( W)17.9(r).1(ight, )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 7.3784 0 TD [(Annual Report on Preser)-17.7(vation Issues for European)]TJ -8.7255 -1.125 TD -.0112 Tc .0938 Tw (Audiovisual Collections)Tj /F13 1 Tf 9.6152 0 TD [(; http://digitalpr)18(eservation.ssl.co.uk/asset_ar)18(ena/text/ )]TJ 21.7647 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (-)Tj -31.3799 -1.125 TD -.0112 Tc (4/D22-4.pdf )Tj /F10 1 Tf T* -.0001 Tc (10.)Tj /F13 1 Tf 1.6953 0 TD .0277 Tw [(Edwin Klijn and Y)91.9(ola de Lusenet, )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 14.2976 0 TD [(T)91.7(r).1(acking the reel world)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 9.8231 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (;)Tj -25.8159 -1.125 TD -.0001 Tc [(http://www)55(.tape-online.net/survey)91.8(.).1(html)]TJ /F10 1 Tf T* (11.)Tj /F13 1 Tf 1.7513 0 TD .0838 Tw [(Schller)91.9(,).1( D, )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 5.1865 0 TD [(Making Audiovisual Contents A)17.7(v).1(ailable)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 16.8446 0 TD [(, Eur)18(o)0(China 2002;)]TJ -23.7824 -1.125 TD 0 Tw [(www)55(.eur)18(ochina2002.com/docs/Online%20after%2024%20May%202)]TJ T* [(002/Confer)18(ence_Pr)18(esentations/Dietrich_Schuller)91.9(.).1(pdf )]TJ /F10 1 Tf T* (12.)Tj /F13 1 Tf 1.6953 0 TD [(http://pr)18(e)-.1(sto.joanneum.ac.at/pr)18(ojects.asp#d2 )]TJ /F10 1 Tf 33.2063 4.4557 TD (13.)Tj /F12 1 Tf 1.6953 0 TD .0277 Tw [(Preser)-17.7(ve then Show)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 8.4616 0 TD [(, Danish Film Institute;)]TJ -10.1568 -1.125 TD 0 Tw [(www)55(.dfi.dk/NR/r)18(donlyr)18(e)-.1(s/93B04DFF-ECCE-426B-8AA9-)]TJ T* (0CFD53707B3E/0/JesperStubJohnsen.pdf )Tj /F10 1 Tf T* (14.)Tj /F13 1 Tf 1.6953 0 TD [(www)55(.pr)18(e)-.1(stoprime.eu )]TJ /F10 1 Tf -1.6953 -1.125 TD (15.)Tj /F13 1 Tf 1.6953 0 TD .0277 Tw [(Richar)18(d)0( W)17.9(r).1(ight, )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 6.9628 0 TD [(Preser)-17.7(vation Guide)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 8.0439 0 TD [(; http://wiki.pr)18(e)-.1(stospace.org/ )]TJ ET /Cs11 CS 1 SCN .3 w q 1 0 0 1 84.693 178.386 cm 0 0 m 56.693 0 l S 1 0 0 1 279.212 -44 cm 0 0 m 56.693 0 l S Q /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 363.905 317.118 253.701 190.276 re f q 253.699 0 0 190.274 363.905 317.119 cm /Im22 Do Q endstream endobj 185 0 obj << /ExtGState << /GS2 290 0 R /GS3 315 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs8 291 0 R /Cs11 317 0 R /Cs10 293 0 R >> /Font << /F10 296 0 R /F8 305 0 R /F3 299 0 R /F12 294 0 R /F13 295 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text /ImageC ] /XObject << /Im22 336 0 R >> >> endobj 186 0 obj << /Length 16872 >> stream /Cs10 CS .81 1 .63 SCN 0 J 0 j .3 w 10 M []0 d /GS2 gs 1 i q 1 0 0 1 648.262 439.024 cm 0 0 m 0 -354.331 l S Q /Cs10 cs .81 1 .63 scn 638.34 442.32 14.173 14.173 re f BT /F10 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 640.9795 446.69 Tm /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn -.0001 Tc 0 Tw (15)Tj ET /GS3 gs BT /F3 1 Tf 0 8 -8 0 644.267 224.3467 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn .0999 Tc .0251 Tw [(I)12(nternational P)29.9(r)9.9(eser)-17.7(v)5.9(a).1(tion N)29.7(e)-6(ws )-225( )-225( )-225( )-225(N)29.7(o)15.9(. 47 M)12(a).1(y 2009 )]TJ /F13 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 84.6932 814.5757 Tm -.0001 Tc .0277 Tw [(A collection strategy should at least consider the following:)]TJ 0 -1.2105 TD .0712 Tw [( )46.5(The long-term purpose of the pr)18(eservation work: wher)18(e ar)18(e)]TJ .8026 -1.2105 TD .0277 Tw [(you going with the collection?)]TJ -.8026 -1.2105 TD .0849 Tw [( )60.2(Access: audiovisual ar)18(chives have traditionally had very limi-)]TJ .8026 -1.2105 TD -.0002 Tc -.0021 Tw [(ted access, for a range of r)17.9(easons \(technical, legal, logistical\).)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc .0459 Tw [(Now)55(,).1( all but the legal constraints have virtually disappear)18(ed,)]TJ T* -.0002 Tc -.0018 Tw [(and ther)17.9(e is no technical barrier to universal instant access to)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc .0277 Tw [(all your holdings. )]TJ -.8026 -1.2105 TD -.0089 Tw [( )-33.6(Requir)18(ed changes to how the collection is managed: a digital)]TJ .8026 -1.2105 TD -.0272 Tw [(collection doesn)17.9(t have the same workow and management)]TJ T* .3452 Tw [(pr)18(ocesses as a shelf-based collection. Cir)18(c).1(ulation contr)18(o)0(l)]TJ T* .0976 Tw [(could disappear entir)18(e)-.1(ly)91.8(. Acquisition of digital materials can)]TJ T* .0346 Tw [(be automated. Cataloguing may need to suit the needs of a)]TJ T* .0366 Tw [(much wider and less specialised set of users. In the BBC, we)]TJ T* -.0147 Tw [(have the r)18(e)-.1(sults of something like 2000 person-years of cata-)]TJ T* .0196 Tw [(loguing ef)18(fort in our TV and radio catalogue, designed to be)]TJ T* .2585 Tw [(used by librarians and pr)18(ofessional lm r)18(e)-.1(sear)18(chers. W)17.9(e)]TJ T* .0421 Tw [(need a major change just to get this catalogue r)18(e)-.1(shaped for)]TJ T* .0586 Tw [(public access not to mention the ef)18(fort needed to get the)]TJ T* .0975 Tw [(content itself online. T)110.7(a)-.1(ble 1 shows just one pr)18(oblem our)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(extensive use of specialist abbr)18(eviations.)]TJ /F10 1 Tf 31.572 24.2105 TD -.0002 Tc 0 Tw (b/w)Tj /F13 1 Tf 5.0725 0 TD -.0001 Tc .0277 Tw [(black and white)]TJ /F10 1 Tf -5.0725 -1.2105 TD -.0002 Tc 0 Tw (bldg)Tj /F13 1 Tf 5.0725 0 TD -.0001 Tc (building)Tj /F10 1 Tf -5.0725 -1.2105 TD (cpyrt)Tj /F13 1 Tf 5.0725 0 TD (copyright)Tj /F10 1 Tf -5.0725 -1.2105 TD (demo)Tj /F13 1 Tf 5.0725 0 TD (demonstration)Tj /F10 1 Tf -5.0725 -1.2105 TD -.0002 Tc .0278 Tw (dep acty)Tj /F13 1 Tf 5.0725 0 TD -.0001 Tc [(dependent actuality )]TJ /F10 1 Tf -5.0725 -1.2105 TD -.0002 Tc 0 Tw (disco)Tj /F13 1 Tf 5.0725 0 TD -.0001 Tc (discussion)Tj /F10 1 Tf -5.0725 -1.2105 TD -.0002 Tc (doc)Tj /F13 1 Tf 5.0725 0 TD -.0001 Tc (documentary)Tj /F10 1 Tf -5.0725 -1.2105 TD -.0002 Tc .0278 Tw (ex lib)Tj /F13 1 Tf 5.0725 0 TD -.0001 Tc [(ex library)]TJ /F10 1 Tf -5.0725 -1.2105 TD 0 Tw (ext)Tj /F13 1 Tf 5.0725 0 TD (exterior)Tj /F10 1 Tf -5.0725 -1.2105 TD (ftge)Tj /F13 1 Tf 5.0725 0 TD (footage)Tj /F10 1 Tf -5.0725 -1.2105 TD (fx)Tj /F13 1 Tf 5.0725 0 TD [(ef)18(fects)]TJ /F10 1 Tf -5.0725 -1.2105 TD -.0002 Tc (gfx)Tj /F13 1 Tf 5.0725 0 TD -.0001 Tc (graphics)Tj 8 0 0 8 363.9056 666.5757 Tm .0146 Tw [(T)110.7(a)-.1(ble 1: The first dozen items in one BBC list of cataloguing abbr)18(eviations.)]TJ 9.5 0 0 9.5 363.9056 643.5757 Tm .0484 Tw [( )23.7(What the pr)18(eservation pr)18(ojects should contribute to the col-)]TJ .8026 -1.2105 TD .1337 Tw [(lection strategy: a time when whole blocks of material ar)18(e)]TJ T* .0789 Tw [(coming of)18(f the shelves is a time when other actions can be)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(most convenient and economical. Examples ar)18(e: )]TJ -.8026 -1.2105 TD [(Installation of new shelving)]TJ T* (A full inventory check)Tj T* 0 Tw (Repackaging)Tj T* .0277 Tw [(Photographing or scanning the packaging)]TJ T* -.0112 Tc [(Getting metadata of)18(f the packaging, or checking it for accuracy)]TJ -29.3908 -.2942 TD -.0001 Tc [(Her)18(e is the BBC)110.9(s)0( pr)18(eservation strategy for lm:)]TJ /F10 1 Tf 0 -1.2105 TD [(Pr)17.8(eservation Strategy: BBC 16mm film)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 84.693 515.282 106.883 14.277 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 107.709 520.0103 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn [(T)110.8(y)0(pe of material)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 191.576 515.282 71.69 14.277 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 208.9826 520.0103 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn -.0002 Tc 0 Tw (Condition)Tj ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 263.266 515.282 141.075 14.277 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 306.3635 520.0103 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn .0278 Tw (Action needed)Tj ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 404.341 515.282 106.383 14.277 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 439.3088 520.0103 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn -.0001 Tc 0 Tw (Timescale)Tj ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 510.724 515.282 106.882 14.277 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 519.2612 520.0103 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn -.0002 Tc .0278 Tw [(In-house or contracted?)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 84.693 486.763 106.883 28.519 re f /GS3 gs BT /F13 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 86.6932 503.3619 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn -.0001 Tc [(16m mag sound track - )]TJ 0 -1.125 TD 0 Tw (masters)Tj ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 191.576 486.763 71.69 28.519 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 193.0757 498.8619 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn .0277 Tw [(vinegar syndr)18(ome!)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 263.266 486.763 141.075 28.519 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 264.7664 503.3619 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn [(digitisation to le formats; destruction)]TJ T* [(of originals)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 404.341 486.763 106.383 28.519 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 405.8411 498.8619 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn (2 years starting immediately)Tj ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 510.724 486.763 106.882 28.519 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 512.2238 498.8619 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn -.0112 Tc (Contracted; checking in-house)Tj ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 84.693 460.798 106.883 25.965 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 86.6932 476.1197 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn -.0001 Tc [(16m mag sound track - )]TJ T* 0 Tw (duplicates)Tj ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 191.576 460.798 71.69 25.965 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 193.0757 471.6197 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn .0277 Tw [(vinegar syndr)18(ome!)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 263.266 460.798 141.075 25.965 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 264.7664 476.1197 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn [(destruction \(after r)18(e)-.1(spective masters ar)18(e)]TJ T* [(transferr)18(e)-.1(d and checked\))]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 404.341 460.798 106.383 25.965 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 405.8411 471.6197 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn (2 years starting immediately)Tj ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 510.724 460.798 106.882 25.965 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 512.2238 471.6197 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn (In house)Tj ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 84.693 433.376 106.883 27.422 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 86.6932 444.9263 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn [(16mm Ektachr)18(ome)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 191.576 433.376 71.69 27.422 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 193.0757 444.9263 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn [(some colour fade)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 263.266 433.376 141.075 27.422 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 264.7664 449.4263 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn [(Access copies made on digibeta and)]TJ T* 0 Tw (DVD)Tj ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 404.341 433.376 106.383 27.422 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 405.8411 449.4263 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn .0277 Tw [(Starting when budget allows:)]TJ T* (in 2 years)Tj ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 510.724 433.376 106.882 27.422 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 512.2238 449.4263 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn -.0056 Tc [(Pr)18(eparation and checking in-)]TJ T* -.0057 Tc [(house; telecine contracted out)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 84.693 404.8 106.883 28.576 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 86.6932 416.9276 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn -.0001 Tc [(16mm B&W lm negatives)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 191.576 404.8 71.69 28.576 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 193.0757 416.9276 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn 0 Tw (good)Tj ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 263.266 404.8 141.075 28.576 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 264.7664 421.4276 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn .0277 Tw [(Maintain in appr)18(opriate storage )]TJ T* [(conditions; r)18(e)-.1(view condition at intervals)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 404.341 404.8 106.383 28.576 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 405.8411 421.4276 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn [(Review plan and condition)]TJ T* [(every ve years)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 510.724 404.8 106.882 28.576 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 512.2238 416.9276 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn [(Review is done in-house)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 84.693 380.684 106.883 24.116 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 86.6932 390.8318 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn [(16mm B&W lm prints)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 191.576 380.684 71.69 24.116 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 193.0757 395.3318 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn [(fair: have been )]TJ T* 0 Tw [(cir)18(c).1(ulated)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 263.266 380.684 141.075 24.116 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 264.7664 395.3318 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn .0277 Tw [(Maintain in appr)18(opriate storage )]TJ T* 0 Tw (conditions)Tj ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 404.341 380.684 106.383 24.116 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 405.8411 395.3318 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn .0277 Tw [(Keep until pr)18(eservation)]TJ T* [(actions taken on negatives)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 510.724 380.684 106.882 24.116 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 512.2238 390.8318 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn (Storage is in-house)Tj ET /Cs11 CS 1 SCN 1 w q 1 0 0 1 85.193 529.559 cm 0 0 m 0 -148.875 l S 1 0 0 1 106.383 0 cm 0 0 m 0 -148.875 l S 1 0 0 1 71.69 0 cm 0 0 m 0 -148.875 l S 1 0 0 1 141.075 0 cm 0 0 m 0 -148.875 l S 1 0 0 1 106.383 0 cm 0 0 m 0 -148.875 l S 1 0 0 1 106.382 0 cm 0 0 m 0 -148.875 l S 1 0 0 1 -532.413 -.5 cm 0 0 m 532.913 0 l S 1 0 0 1 0 -13.777 cm 0 0 m 532.913 0 l S 1 0 0 1 0 -28.519 cm 0 0 m 532.913 0 l S 1 0 0 1 0 -25.965 cm 0 0 m 532.913 0 l S 1 0 0 1 0 -27.422 cm 0 0 m 532.913 0 l S 1 0 0 1 0 -28.576 cm 0 0 m 532.913 0 l S 1 0 0 1 0 -23.616 cm 0 0 m 532.913 0 l S Q BT 8 0 0 8 84.6932 369.4959 Tm [(T)110.7(a)-.1(ble 2: An example of pr)18(eservation strategy)91.8(.)]TJ 9.5 0 0 9.5 84.6932 343.5603 Tm .0358 Tw [(The strategy is just a simple table. The mapping of the ar)18(chive)]TJ 0 -1.2105 TD .0593 Tw [(gave us the br)18(eakdown into the dif)18(fer)18(e)-.1(nt kinds of 16mm lm)]TJ T* .0691 Tw [(in our collection \(and the numbers, not shown in the table\) )]TJ T* -.0053 Tw [(and the triage into issues of pr)18(eservation urgency and need for)]TJ T* .2284 Tw [(access allow the material to be prioritised in a simple r)18(e)-.1(d-)]TJ T* .1624 Tw [(amber)55.1(-).1(gr)18(een fashion. Im pleased to r)18(e)-.1(port that weve since)]TJ T* .0395 Tw [(dealt with the vinegar syndr)18(ome and have eliminated the pr)18(o-)]TJ T* .1003 Tw [(blem \(for magnetic sound tracks on acetate we don)17.9(t have)]TJ 29.3908 8.5226 TD .1612 Tw [(any anymor)18(e)-.1(!\). W)17.9(e)-.1( have nished the rst thr)18(ee r)18(o)0(ws in the)]TJ 0 -1.2105 TD -.0065 Tw [(table, and hope to start pilot work this year on technology and)]TJ T* .1912 Tw [(a pr)18(ocess for digitisation of the material in the fourth r)18(o)0(w:)]TJ T* .0277 Tw (16mm negatives. )Tj T* -.0105 Tw [(A pr)18(eservation plan is often very simple, once all the uncertain-)]TJ T* .1972 Tw [(ties ar)18(ound making a collection strategy and a pr)18(eservation)]TJ T* .2132 Tw [(strategy have been r)18(e)-.1(solved. Her)18(e is the BBC)110.9(s)0( pr)18(eservation)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(plan for the same collection of 16mm lm: )]TJ /F10 1 Tf -29.3908 -1.9217 TD -.0002 Tc [(Pr)17.7(eservation Plan: BBC 16mm film)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 84.693 223.585 77.182 16.785 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 92.8585 229.5672 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn -.0001 Tc [(T)110.8(y)0(pe of material)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 161.875 223.585 129.163 16.785 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 189.5296 229.5672 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn [(Pr)17.8(eservation Action)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 291.038 223.585 92.829 16.785 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 307.1841 229.5672 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn [(Service Pr)17.8(ovider)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 383.867 223.585 36.888 16.785 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 385.8719 229.5672 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn -.0002 Tc 0 Tw (Batching)Tj ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 420.755 223.585 93.718 16.785 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 450.5056 229.5672 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn (Outcome)Tj ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 514.473 223.585 103.133 16.785 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 536.862 229.5672 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn .0278 Tw [(Quality Contr)17.7(o)0(l)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 84.693 191.299 77.182 32.286 re f /GS3 gs BT /F13 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 86.6932 209.7815 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn -.0001 Tc [(16m mag sound)]TJ 0 -1.125 TD [(track - masters)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 161.875 191.299 129.163 32.286 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 163.3746 214.2815 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn [(Digitisation at CD quality: 44.1 kHz)]TJ T* [(sampling @ 16 bits; synch pulses)]TJ T* [(r)18(e)-.1(cor)18(ded on 2nd CD channel)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 291.038 191.299 92.829 32.286 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 292.5376 214.2815 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn [(Thr)18(ee outside contractors)]TJ T* (selected by competitive)Tj T* 0 Tw (tender)Tj ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 383.867 191.299 36.888 32.286 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 385.3674 209.7815 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn (Monthly )Tj T* (basis)Tj ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 420.755 191.299 93.718 32.286 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 422.2554 214.2815 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn .0277 Tw [(One audio CD and one)]TJ T* [(BWF le \(on CD-ROM\) per)]TJ T* (original mag sound track)Tj ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 514.473 191.299 103.133 32.286 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 515.9726 214.2815 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn -.0223 Tc [(Inter)-17.6(nal spot checking of each)]TJ T* [(CD. Selective end-to-end)]TJ T* [(checking. Done in-house.)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 84.693 170.442 77.182 20.857 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 86.6932 183.2099 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn -.0001 Tc [(16m mag sound)]TJ T* [(track - duplicates)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 161.875 170.442 129.163 20.857 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 163.3746 178.7099 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn 0 Tw (None)Tj ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 291.038 170.442 92.829 20.857 re f 383.867 170.442 36.888 20.857 re f 420.755 170.442 93.718 20.857 re f 514.473 170.442 103.133 20.857 re f 84.693 147.299 77.182 23.143 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 86.6932 156.7099 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn .0277 Tw [(16mm Ektachr)18(ome)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 161.875 147.299 129.163 23.143 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 163.3746 161.2099 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn [(Conservation for 2 mor)18(e)-.1( years; )]TJ T* [(10 C; 35% rh)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 291.038 147.299 92.829 23.143 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 292.5376 156.7099 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn (In House)Tj ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 383.867 147.299 36.888 23.143 re f 420.755 147.299 93.718 23.143 re f 514.473 147.299 103.133 23.143 re f 84.693 124.156 77.182 23.143 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 86.6932 138.0672 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn (16mm B&W lm)Tj T* 0 Tw (negatives)Tj ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 161.875 124.156 129.163 23.143 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 163.3746 138.0672 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn .0277 Tw [(Conservation for 5 mor)18(e)-.1( years; )]TJ T* [(10 C; 40% rh)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 291.038 124.156 92.829 23.143 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 292.5376 133.5672 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn (In House)Tj ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 383.867 124.156 36.888 23.143 re f 420.755 124.156 93.718 23.143 re f 514.473 124.156 103.133 23.143 re f 84.693 100.513 77.182 23.643 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 86.6932 114.9243 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn (16mm B&W lm)Tj T* 0 Tw (prints)Tj ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 161.875 100.513 129.163 23.643 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 163.3746 114.9243 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn .0277 Tw [(Conservation for 5 mor)18(e)-.1( years; )]TJ T* [(17 C; 35% rh)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 291.038 100.513 92.829 23.643 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 292.5376 110.4243 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn (In House)Tj ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 383.867 100.513 36.888 23.643 re f 420.755 100.513 93.718 23.643 re f 514.473 100.513 103.133 23.643 re f /GS3 gs q 1 0 0 1 85.193 240.37 cm 0 0 m 0 -139.857 l S 1 0 0 1 76.682 0 cm 0 0 m 0 -139.857 l S 1 0 0 1 129.163 0 cm 0 0 m 0 -139.857 l S 1 0 0 1 92.829 0 cm 0 0 m 0 -139.857 l S 1 0 0 1 36.888 0 cm 0 0 m 0 -139.857 l S 1 0 0 1 93.718 0 cm 0 0 m 0 -139.857 l S 1 0 0 1 102.633 0 cm 0 0 m 0 -139.857 l S 1 0 0 1 -532.413 -.5 cm 0 0 m 532.913 0 l S 1 0 0 1 0 -16.285 cm 0 0 m 532.913 0 l S 1 0 0 1 0 -32.286 cm 0 0 m 532.913 0 l S 1 0 0 1 0 -20.857 cm 0 0 m 532.913 0 l S 1 0 0 1 0 -23.143 cm 0 0 m 532.913 0 l S 1 0 0 1 0 -23.143 cm 0 0 m 532.913 0 l S 1 0 0 1 0 -23.143 cm 0 0 m 532.913 0 l S Q BT 8 0 0 8 84.6932 84.9651 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn [(T)110.7(a)-.1(ble 3: An example of pr)18(eservation plan.)]TJ ET endstream endobj 187 0 obj << /ExtGState << /GS2 290 0 R /GS3 315 0 R >> /Font << /F13 295 0 R /F10 296 0 R /F3 299 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs8 291 0 R /Cs11 317 0 R /Cs10 293 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 188 0 obj << /Length 15508 >> stream /GS3 gs BT /F13 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 84.6929 814.5757 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn -.0001 Tc .3831 Tw [(This is a nite-duration plan. It r)18(e)-.1(fers to conserving the)]TJ 0 -1.2105 TD .13 Tw [(Ektachr)18(ome for two years because we planned to concen-)]TJ T* .1393 Tw [(trate on the urgent vinegar syndr)18(ome issue for the rst two)]TJ T* .0069 Tw [(years. Then a new plan comes into ef)18(fect, wher)18(e we would list)]TJ T* .1217 Tw [(digitisation of the Ektachr)18(ome \(and pr)18(obably a r)18(e)-.1(view of the)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(status of the B&W negatives\).)]TJ 0 -1.8073 TD .0601 Tw [(W)-23.9(i)0(th a plan, the column pr)18(e)-.1(servation action contains entries)]TJ 0 -1.2105 TD .1076 Tw [(that can be tur)-17.7(n)0(ed into costed business cases, and then into)]TJ T* .2146 Tw [(funded and hopefully very successful pr)18(ojects. The business)]TJ T* .0352 Tw [(case \(or grant pr)18(oposal, or funding r)18(e)-.1(quest, or nance case\) is)]TJ T* -.0355 Tw [(often seen as difcult but when the need is set within an ove-)]TJ T* .0423 Tw [(rall strategy)91.8(, and the work is focused on a specic action \(one)]TJ T* .1757 Tw [(box in the above table\), the pr)18(oblems should go away)91.8(. The)]TJ T* -.0328 Tw [(rationale is ther)18(e, the action is specic, good cost estimates can)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(be made and the case goes thr)18(ough!)]TJ ET /Cs10 CS .81 1 .63 SCN 0 J 0 j .5 w 10 M []0 d /GS2 gs 1 i q 1 0 0 1 84.693 611.985 cm 0 0 m 253.701 0 l S Q /GS3 gs BT /F8 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 152.8076 614.2292 Tm .0306 Tw [(Pr)17.9(eservation principles and pr)17.9(ocesses)]TJ /F13 1 Tf -7.17 -2.4041 TD .0136 Tw [(Ther)18(e is still the question of what, exactly)91.8(,).1( should we do \(with)]TJ 0 -1.2105 TD .05 Tw [(a particular part of a collection\)? Again, specic decisions ar)18(e)]TJ T* .095 Tw [(easier if they ar)18(e made within a framework. Regar)18(ding audio)]TJ T* .1315 Tw [(and video, the overall what to do has one general answer;)]TJ /F12 1 Tf T* .2365 Tw (digitise, and start now)Tj /F13 1 Tf 10.2091 0 TD [(. Ther)18(e ar)18(e no analogue options for)]TJ -10.2091 -1.2105 TD .1436 Tw [(maintaining access to analogue audio and video \(again, lm)]TJ T* .0208 Tw [(has a dif)18(fer)18(e)-.1(nt answer\). So the practical question comes down)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(to cost-ef)18(f).1(ective digitisation.)]TJ 0 -1.8073 TD .2351 Tw [(In general, digitisation is most cost-ef)18(f).1(ective with a )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 23.7456 0 TD 0 Tw [(factor)-17.7(y)]TJ -23.7456 -1.2105 TD (approach)Tj /F13 1 Tf 4.421 0 TD .1428 Tw [( an efcient workow)55(, a sort of assembly line or)]TJ 24.9698 34.9847 TD .0976 Tw [(mass pr)18(oduction. The efciency doesn)17.9(t r)18(e)-.1(quir)18(e every item to)]TJ 0 -1.2105 TD .0317 Tw [(be the same because they won)17.9(t be anyway)91.8(.).1( Some materials)]TJ T* .0227 Tw [(will have pr)18(oblems and others won)17.9(t. The efciency is thr)18(ough)]TJ /F12 1 Tf T* .0961 Tw [(division of labour )]TJ /F13 1 Tf 7.8994 0 TD [(for the staf)18(f doing the work. If one person)]TJ -7.8994 -1.2105 TD .1049 Tw [(gets material fr)18(om the shelves, another deals with metadata,)]TJ T* .104 Tw [(and an audio or video technical expert is allowed to concen-)]TJ T* -.0222 Tw [(trate on audio and video \(and not shelves and metadata\), ther)18(e)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(ar)18(e well-known efciencies to be r)18(ealised.)]TJ 0 -1.8073 TD .0097 Tw [(If the collection or the staf)18(f ar)18(e too small for division of labour)91.9(,)]TJ 0 -1.2105 TD .0374 Tw [(it may be that an outside service pr)18(ovider is the best option: a)]TJ T* .0599 Tw [(company with all the needed equipment and expertise, and a)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(business that depends upon efcient workow)55(.)]TJ 0 -1.8073 TD .0354 Tw [(Ther)18(e ar)18(e also principles about what to get out of digitisation.)]TJ 0 -1.2105 TD .0278 Tw [(The ideal is uncompr)18(essed video or audio. For audio, this ideal)]TJ T* .0004 Tw [(is easy to achieve, and indeed all the IASA-TC04 expert r)18(e)-.1(com-)]TJ T* 0 Tw (mendations)Tj 4.75 0 0 4.75 411.4055 634.0809 Tm (16)Tj 9.5 0 0 9.5 419.6176 630.7372 Tm .0306 Tw [(ar)18(e very clear that compr)18(e)-.1(ssed audio is unaccep-)]TJ -5.8644 -1.2105 TD .0826 Tw [(table for pr)18(eservation. The minimum standar)18(d)0( for audio is 16)]TJ T* .0084 Tw [(bit quantisation at 48k samples per second. In the BBC we use)]TJ T* .0159 Tw [(the CD sampling rate of 44.1, but we see that as a small com-)]TJ T* .1217 Tw [(pr)18(omise made for practical r)18(easons \(to agr)18(ee with what BBC)]TJ T* .0724 Tw [(radio uses in pr)18(oduction\). The material is stor)18(ed as W)43(A)49.7(V les,)]TJ T* -.0346 Tw [(and ideally as Br)18(oadcast W)36.9(a)-.1(ve Files)]TJ 4.75 0 0 4.75 503.1609 565.0809 Tm 0 Tw (17)Tj 9.5 0 0 9.5 508.4419 561.7372 Tm -.0346 Tw [(. Everything else that a per-)]TJ -15.2144 -1.2105 TD .0553 Tw [(son would need to know about audio pr)18(eservation and digiti-)]TJ T* .0277 Tw (sation is in the IASA TC-04 document.)Tj ET .3 w /GS2 gs q 1 0 0 1 59.182 439.023 cm 0 0 m 0 -354.33 l S Q /Cs10 cs .81 1 .63 scn 49.26 442.32 14.173 14.173 re f BT /F10 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 51.8992 446.69 Tm /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn 0 Tw (16)Tj ET /GS3 gs BT /F3 1 Tf 0 8 -8 0 55.1738 225.0144 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn .0999 Tc .0251 Tw [(I)12(nternational P)29.9(r)9.9(eser)-17.7(v)5.9(a).1(tion N)29.7(e)-6(ws )-225( )-225( )-225( )-225(N)29.7(o)15.9(. 47 M)12(a).1(y 2009)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 84.6929 84.8262 Tm -.0001 Tc .0277 Tw [(T)110.7(a)-.1(ble 4: V)-5.8(ideo Migration Roadmap.)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 84.693 446.758 128.639 16.447 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 125.826 452.571 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn [(Ingest Format)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 213.332 446.758 163.388 16.447 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 265.5916 452.571 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn (Migration format)Tj ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 376.72 446.758 240.886 16.447 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 487.1348 452.571 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn 0 Tw (Notes)Tj ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 84.693 422.811 532.413 23.947 re f /GS3 gs BT /F10 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 86.6929 432.6238 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn .0277 Tw (Low quality media)Tj ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 84.693 407.805 128.639 15.006 re f /GS3 gs BT /F13 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 86.6929 413.1473 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn (VHS tape)Tj ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 213.332 407.805 163.388 15.006 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 214.8318 413.1473 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn 0 Tw (DVD)Tj ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 376.72 407.805 240.886 15.006 re f /GS3 gs BT /F10 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 378.22 413.1473 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn (Access)Tj /F13 1 Tf 3.3588 0 TD .0277 Tw [(Perfectly adequate for VHS playback)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 84.693 383.74 128.639 24.065 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 86.6929 393.612 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn (VHS tape)Tj ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 213.332 383.74 163.388 24.065 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 214.8318 393.612 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn [(MPEG-4 les)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 376.72 383.74 240.886 24.065 re f /GS3 gs BT /F10 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 378.22 398.112 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn -.0113 Tc 0 Tw (Access)Tj /F13 1 Tf 3.2811 0 TD -.0112 Tc .0277 Tw [(Adequate for quality)91.9(.).1( Minimum data rates \(MPEG-4\): 500k b/s.)]TJ -3.2811 -1.125 TD [(Ther)18(e ar)18(e MANY potential access formats, and they come and go.)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 84.693 360.498 128.639 23.242 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 86.6929 369.9582 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn -.0001 Tc (VHS tape)Tj ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 213.332 360.498 163.388 23.242 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 214.8318 369.9582 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn [(DV les)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 376.72 360.498 240.886 23.242 re f /GS3 gs BT /F10 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 378.22 374.4582 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn 0 Tw [(Ar)17.8(chive)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 3.843 0 TD .0277 Tw [(\(temporary\) 25 M b/s, 12 GB/hr)91.9(. Migrate to lossless for )]TJ -3.843 -1.125 TD 0 Tw [(pr)18(eservation.)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 84.693 333.961 128.639 26.537 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 86.6929 345.0688 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn .0277 Tw [(low end digital les)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 213.332 333.961 163.388 26.537 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 214.8318 345.0688 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn [(Save as is, AND save as DV or lossless)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 376.72 333.961 240.886 26.537 re f /GS3 gs BT /F10 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 378.22 349.5688 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn 0 Tw [(Ar)17.8(chive)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 3.843 0 TD .0277 Tw [(\(temporary\) Befor)18(e)-.1( format or DV format becomes obsolete,)]TJ -3.843 -1.125 TD [(migrate to lossless for pr)18(eservation.)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 84.693 307.424 128.639 26.537 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 86.6929 318.5322 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn 0 Tw (DVD)Tj ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 213.332 307.424 163.388 26.537 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 214.8318 318.5322 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn .0277 Tw [(DV les)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 376.72 307.424 240.886 26.537 re f /GS3 gs BT /F10 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 378.22 323.0322 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn 0 Tw [(Ar)17.8(chive)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 3.843 0 TD .0277 Tw [(\(temporary\) 25 M b/s, 12 GB/hr)91.9(. Migrate to lossless for)]TJ -3.843 -1.125 TD 0 Tw [(pr)18(eservation.)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 84.693 291.595 532.413 15.829 re f /GS3 gs BT /F10 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 86.6929 297.3493 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn -.0002 Tc .0278 Tw [(Medium quality)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 84.693 273.295 128.639 18.3 re f /GS3 gs BT /F13 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 86.6929 280.2849 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn -.0001 Tc 0 Tw (U-Matic)Tj ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 213.332 273.295 163.388 18.3 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 214.8318 280.2849 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn (DVD)Tj ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 376.72 273.295 240.886 18.3 re f /GS3 gs BT /F10 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 378.22 280.2849 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn (Access)Tj /F13 1 Tf 3.3588 0 TD .0277 Tw [(Reduces quality; suitable only for viewing.)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 84.693 248.406 128.639 24.889 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 86.6929 258.6902 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn 0 Tw (U-Matic)Tj ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 213.332 248.406 163.388 24.889 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 214.8318 258.6902 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn .0277 Tw [(DV les)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 376.72 248.406 240.886 24.889 re f /GS3 gs BT /F10 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 378.22 263.1902 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn 0 Tw [(Ar)17.8(chive)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 3.843 0 TD .0277 Tw [(\(temporary\) 25 M b/s, 12 GB/hr)91.9(. Migrate to lossless for pr)18(e-)]TJ -3.843 -1.125 TD 0 Tw (servation.)Tj ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 84.693 216.104 128.639 32.302 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 86.6929 230.0943 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn .0277 Tw [(DV)129(, DVCAM)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 213.332 216.104 163.388 32.302 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 214.8318 230.0943 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn [(DV les \(meaning .avi les with native coding\))]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 376.72 216.104 240.886 32.302 re f /GS3 gs BT /F10 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 378.22 239.0943 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn 0 Tw [(Ar)17.8(chive)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 3.843 0 TD .0277 Tw [(\(temporary\) transfers to computer at 25 M b/s, r)18(e)-.1(sulting in)]TJ -3.843 -1.125 TD [(an .avi le clone of the original DV tape. Migrate to lossless for pr)18(e-)]TJ T* 0 Tw (servation.)Tj ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 84.693 202.667 532.413 13.437 re f /GS3 gs BT /F10 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 86.6929 207.2248 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn -.0002 Tc .0278 Tw (High Quality)Tj ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 84.693 169.411 128.639 33.256 re f /GS3 gs BT /F13 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 86.6929 183.8788 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn -.0001 Tc [(BetaSP)152.7(, Digibeta, other pr)18(o formats)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 213.332 169.411 163.388 33.256 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 214.8318 183.8788 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn 0 Tw [(Uncompr)18(e)-.1(ssed)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 376.72 169.411 240.886 33.256 re f /GS3 gs BT /F10 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 378.22 192.8788 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn [(Ar)17.8(chive)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 3.843 0 TD .0277 Tw [(Uncompr)18(essed standar)18(d)0( denition video: 200 Mb/s. About)]TJ -3.843 -1.125 TD [(100 GB for one hour)91.9(, meaning 25 DVD-ROMs \(or part of one data)]TJ T* [(tape or har)18(d)0( drive\).)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 84.693 143.698 128.639 25.713 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 86.6929 154.3943 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn [(BetaSP)152.7(, Digibeta, other pr)18(o formats)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 213.332 143.698 163.388 25.713 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 214.8318 154.3943 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn [(Motion JPEG 2000 \(lossless version\))]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 376.72 143.698 240.886 25.713 re f /GS3 gs BT /F10 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 378.22 158.8943 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn 0 Tw [(Ar)17.8(chive)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 3.843 0 TD .0277 Tw [(lossless compr)18(e)-.1(ssion, with a r)18(e)-.1(sultant data rate of ar)18(ound)]TJ -3.843 -1.125 TD [(90M b/s. About 40 GB for one hour)91.9(.)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 84.693 122.052 128.639 21.646 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 86.6929 130.7144 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn 0 Tw (DVCPRO50)Tj ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 213.332 122.052 163.388 21.646 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 214.8318 130.7144 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn .0277 Tw [(.avi les, DV coding)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 376.72 122.052 240.886 21.646 re f /GS3 gs BT /F10 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 378.22 135.2144 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn -.0168 Tc 0 Tw [(Ar)17.8(chive)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 3.7096 0 TD .0277 Tw [(\(temporary\) As for DV)128.9(, but at twice the data rate. Less suscep-)]TJ -3.7096 -1.125 TD [(tible to loss on futur)17.9(e)-.1( migrations. Migrate to lossless for pr)17.9(eservation.)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 84.693 98.31 128.639 23.742 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 86.6929 108.2699 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn -.0001 Tc [(High end digital les)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 213.332 98.31 163.388 23.742 re f /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 214.8318 108.2699 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn [(Save as is)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 376.72 98.31 240.886 23.742 re f /GS3 gs BT /F10 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 378.22 112.7699 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn 0 Tw [(Ar)17.8(chive)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 3.843 0 TD .0277 Tw [(\(temporary\) Befor)18(e)-.1( format becomes obsolete, migrate to)]TJ -3.843 -1.125 TD [(lossless for pr)18(eservation.)]TJ ET /Cs11 CS 1 SCN 1 w q 1 0 0 1 85.193 463.205 cm 0 0 m 0 -364.895 l S 1 0 0 1 128.139 0 cm 0 0 m 0 -16.947 l S 1 0 0 1 0 -39.894 cm 0 0 m 0 -116.387 l S 1 0 0 1 0 -131.216 cm 0 0 m 0 -76.491 l S 1 0 0 1 0 -88.928 cm 0 0 m 0 -104.857 l S 1 0 0 1 163.388 260.038 cm 0 0 m 0 -16.947 l S 1 0 0 1 0 -39.894 cm 0 0 m 0 -116.387 l S 1 0 0 1 0 -131.216 cm 0 0 m 0 -76.491 l S 1 0 0 1 0 -88.928 cm 0 0 m 0 -104.857 l S 1 0 0 1 240.386 260.038 cm 0 0 m 0 -364.895 l S 1 0 0 1 -532.413 -.5 cm 0 0 m 532.913 0 l S 1 0 0 1 0 -15.947 cm 0 0 m 532.913 0 l S 1 0 0 1 0 -23.947 cm 0 0 m 532.913 0 l S 1 0 0 1 0 -15.006 cm 0 0 m 532.913 0 l S 1 0 0 1 0 -24.065 cm 0 0 m 532.913 0 l S 1 0 0 1 0 -23.242 cm 0 0 m 532.913 0 l S 1 0 0 1 0 -26.537 cm 0 0 m 532.913 0 l S 1 0 0 1 0 -26.537 cm 0 0 m 532.913 0 l S 1 0 0 1 0 -15.829 cm 0 0 m 532.913 0 l S 1 0 0 1 0 -18.3 cm 0 0 m 532.913 0 l S 1 0 0 1 0 -24.889 cm 0 0 m 532.913 0 l S 1 0 0 1 0 -32.302 cm 0 0 m 532.913 0 l S 1 0 0 1 0 -13.437 cm 0 0 m 532.913 0 l S 1 0 0 1 0 -33.256 cm 0 0 m 532.913 0 l S 1 0 0 1 0 -25.713 cm 0 0 m 532.913 0 l S 1 0 0 1 0 -21.646 cm 0 0 m 532.913 0 l S 1 0 0 1 0 -23.242 cm 0 0 m 532.913 0 l S Q BT /F10 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 363.9055 501.0552 Tm 0 Tw (16.)Tj /F13 1 Tf 1.7138 0 TD (IASA-TC04, )Tj /F12 1 Tf 5.2695 0 TD .0463 Tw [(Guidelines and the Production and Preser)-17.7(vation of Digital)]TJ -6.9833 -1.125 TD .0277 Tw (Audio Objects)Tj /F13 1 Tf 6.0275 0 TD [(, 2nd Ed \(2009\))]TJ /F10 1 Tf -6.0275 -1.125 TD 0 Tw (17.)Tj /F13 1 Tf 1.6953 0 TD [(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br)18(o)0(adcast_W)36.9(ave_Format)]TJ ET .3 w q 1 0 0 1 363.905 511.831 cm 0 0 m 56.693 0 l S Q endstream endobj 189 0 obj << /ExtGState << /GS2 290 0 R /GS3 315 0 R >> /Font << /F10 296 0 R /F8 305 0 R /F3 299 0 R /F12 294 0 R /F13 295 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs8 291 0 R /Cs11 317 0 R /Cs10 293 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 190 0 obj << /Length 12253 >> stream /GS3 gs BT /F3 1 Tf 0 8 -8 0 644.267 224.3467 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn .0999 Tc .0251 Tw [(I)12(nternational P)29.9(r)9.9(eser)-17.7(v)5.9(a).1(tion N)29.7(e)-6(ws )-225( )-225( )-225( )-225(N)29.7(o)15.9(. 47 M)12(a).1(y 2009 )]TJ ET /Cs10 cs .81 1 .63 scn /GS2 gs 638.34 442.32 14.173 14.173 re f BT /F10 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 640.9795 446.69 Tm /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn -.0001 Tc 0 Tw (17)Tj ET /Cs10 CS .81 1 .63 SCN 0 J 0 j .3 w 10 M []0 d 1 i q 1 0 0 1 648.262 439.024 cm 0 0 m 0 -354.331 l S Q /GS3 gs BT /F13 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 366.9056 814.5757 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn -.0076 Tw [(Unfortunately)91.8(, digital storage devices have ther)18(e own obsoles-)]TJ 0 -1.1053 TD .0481 Tw [(cence, and on a thr)18(ee to ve year lifetime rather than the 20)]TJ T* .0153 Tw [(\(or mor)18(e)-.1(\) year lifetime of most analogue formats. File formats)]TJ T* .0653 Tw [(have their own obsolescence as well, especially the compr)18(es-)]TJ T* .052 Tw [(sed formats used for web access. Pr)18(oprietary formats such as)]TJ T* -.0166 Tw [(Real Audio become displaced by mor)18(e)-.1( open \(though not com-)]TJ T* .2573 Tw [(pletely open\) formats such as Quicktime and MPEG. New)]TJ T* .0871 Tw [(developments such as Y)91.9(ouT)91.7(ube shift people)110.9(s)0( pr)18(efer)18(ences for)]TJ T* .0277 Tw (viewing formats.)Tj 0 -1.702 TD .0281 Tw [(The r)18(e)-.1(sult is that r)18(e)-.1(quir)18(ements for vigilance and management)]TJ 0 -1.1053 TD .2431 Tw [( for continuous maintenance of a collection r)18(e)-.1(main as)]TJ T* .0491 Tw [(necessary for digital content as for analogue. The managerial)]TJ T* .063 Tw [(r)18(e)-.1(quir)18(ement is the same as ever)91.9(, but ther)18(e ar)18(e new pr)18(oblems)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(and new coping strategies in the brave new digital world.)]TJ -.3158 -1.702 TD .1321 Tw [(As an example, the BBC transferr)18(e)-.1(d audio material fr)18(om )]TJ 0 -1.1053 TD .0685 Tw [(\(6mm\) tape to br)18(oadcast wave les, and stor)18(ed those les on)]TJ T* .1925 Tw [(writeable DVDs \(DVD-ROM\). That format was chosen as an)]TJ T* .0456 Tw [(interim measur)18(e, as ther)18(e was no general BBC-wide mass sto-)]TJ T* .1287 Tw [(rage system at the time. 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Most of this)]TJ T* .1564 Tw [(technology has been developed by the conventional library)]TJ T* .0616 Tw [(world, as it moved to electr)18(onic documents. The key issue for)]TJ T* .1041 Tw [(audiovisual content is to nd ways to use digital library tools)]TJ T* .0221 Tc .5612 Tw [(and pr)17.9(ocesses on audiovisual les. The new pr)17.9(oject)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc .0277 Tw [(Pr)18(estoPRIME is addr)18(essing that pr)18(oblem.)]TJ -29.3908 70.7377 TD [(For video, ther)18(e ar)18(e pr)18(oblems:)]TJ 0 -1.1053 TD .052 Tw [( )27.3(uncompr)18(essed video r)18(e)-.1(quir)18(es about 150 times mor)18(e)-.1( storage)]TJ .8026 -1.1053 TD .0266 Tw [(space, per hour)91.9(, than uncompr)18(essed audio. 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Les cassettes pouce, supports des pr)18(o-)]TJ T* .1233 Tw [(grammes de flux \(parallles antenne\), sont nettoyes, et leur)]TJ T* .0911 Tw [(contenu est encod dir)18(ectement en MPEG 1 et MPEG 2, la)]TJ T* .3447 Tw [(dif)18(fr)18(e)-.1(nce des bandes vido 2 pouces, supports des pr)18(o-)]TJ T* .0958 Tw [(grammes de stock \(fictions, varits\), qui sont transfres sur)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(un master de conservation Bta numrique avant encodage.)]TJ 0 -1.9652 TD .0618 Tw [(L)98().1(objectif de numrisation fix par le pr)18(emier Contrat dobjec-)]TJ 0 -1.3684 TD .0712 Tw [(tifs et de moyens pour les annes 2000 2003 a t tabli )]TJ T* .0793 Tw [(123.000 heur)18(es de tlvision \(et 40.000 heur)18(es de radio\). Il a)]TJ T* .0066 Tw [(t atteint grce la mise en uvr)18(e)-.1( de tr)18(ois ensembles de sys-)]TJ T* .0277 Tw (tmes techniques :)Tj T* .0052 Tw [( )-19.5(Le pr)18(emier dispositif, qui a pu dmarr)18(er ds 1999, est consti-)]TJ .8026 -1.3684 TD .354 Tw [(tu des chanes de traitement exter)-17.7(n)0(es, gres pour le)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(compte de lIna par des pr)18(estatair)18(es.)]TJ -.8026 -1.3684 TD .0221 Tc .6977 Tw [()22.1( )695.2(Le second dispositif, inter)-17.7(n)0(e celui-l, appel SNC)]TJ .8026 -1.3684 TD -.0001 Tc .2176 Tw [(\(Sauvegar)18(d)0(e, Numrisation, Communication\), est ddi en)]TJ T* .1712 Tw [(priorit aux travaux de sauvegar)18(de et de numrisation lis)]TJ T* .1374 Tw [(aux demandes des clients. Les chanes SNC ont t opra-)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(tionnelles en janvier 2001.)]TJ -.8026 -1.3684 TD .0122 Tw [( )-12.5(Le tr)18(oisime dispositif consiste capter en numrique la pr)18(o-)]TJ .8026 -1.3684 TD .0368 Tw [(grammation courante des chanes. 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Son arrive va permettr)18(e de consolider ldifice encor)18(e)]TJ T* .0842 Tw [(fragile du PSN, de linstaller dans la dure, de lui donner une)]TJ T* .0373 Tw [(ambition nouvelle, et de construir)18(e, partir dun fonds num-)]TJ T* .0761 Tw [(ris de plus en plus consquent, une galaxie de services dac-)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(cs ce patrimoine. )]TJ 0 -1.9817 TD .0409 Tw [(A)17.7(v).1(ec lui, lIna va sengager dans la sauvegar)18(de et la numrisa-)]TJ 0 -1.3849 TD .0272 Tw [(tion de toute la mmoir)18(e audiovisuelle ar)18(chive, et dans la)]TJ T* .0936 Tw [(communication de ce patrimoine. 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La chane de trai-)]TJ T* .1413 Tw [(tement film inclut en ef)18(fet des oprations de r)18(e)-.1(mise en tat)]TJ T* .0116 Tw [(mcanique de la pellicule, de montage, dtalonnage, qui sont)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(autant doprations manuelles minutieuses et longues.)]TJ 0 -2.7645 TD -.0352 Tw [(Le cot total du PSN acclr tait valu 193 M )]TJ /F14 1 Tf 21.3323 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F13 1 Tf .5559 0 TD -.0001 Tc -.0352 Tw [( : comment)]TJ -21.8882 -1.3822 TD .0277 Tw (a-t-il t financ ?)Tj 0 -2.7645 TD .0001 Tw [(La sauvegar)18(de des matriels ralise au cours des annes 1999)]TJ 0 -1.3822 TD .0207 Tw [( 2003 avait t intgralement finance par lIna sur ses fonds)]TJ T* .061 Tw [(pr)18(opr)18(es \(37 M )]TJ /F14 1 Tf 6.4819 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F13 1 Tf .5559 0 TD -.0001 Tc .061 Tw [(\), dans le cadr)18(e dun pr)18(emier contrat dobjec-)]TJ -7.0378 -1.3822 TD .0698 Tw [(tifs et de moyens. 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Cest)]TJ T* .1167 Tw [(aussi un vif plaidoyer en faveur dun plan de sauvegar)18(de qui)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(engloberait tout le patrimoine confi lIna.)]TJ 0 -2.7645 TD .087 Tw [(Il faut aussi rappeler le colloque organis le 1)]TJ 4.75 0 0 4.75 552.5908 195.0818 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (er)Tj 9.5 0 0 9.5 560.0126 191.7381 Tm -.0001 Tc .087 Tw (avril 2003 par)Tj -20.6428 -1.3822 TD .0604 Tw [(lIna lAssemble nationale : Les ar)18(chives de la radio et de)]TJ T* .0724 Tw [(la tlvision : un nouveau patrimoine sauvegar)18(der . 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L)98().1(Ina espr)18(e)-.1( pouvoir jouer un rle)]TJ T* -.0002 Tc -.0014 Tw (dcisif dans les annes qui viennent afin de mobiliser les parte-)Tj T* -.0001 Tc .0879 Tw [(nair)18(es concer)-17.7(ns, tr)18(ouver les bonnes synergies, rassembler les)]TJ T* .0632 Tw [(r)18(e)-.1(ssour)18(ces, et lancer)91.9(, avant que la mmoir)18(e de lAfrique ne se)]TJ T* .025 Tw [(soit dsintgre faute de soins, un schma dir)18(ecteur de sauve-)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(gar)18(d)0(e et de numrisation du patrimoine audiovisuel africain.)]TJ 0 -1.9652 TD .1752 Tw [(Il sagira de migr)18(er les ar)18(chives analogiques dans un format)]TJ 0 -1.3684 TD .0874 Tw [(numrique, dassur)18(er la pr)18(e)-.1(nnit des enr)18(e)-.1(gistr)18(e)-.1(ments, de les)]TJ T* .0121 Tw [(r)18(e)-.1(ndr)18(e accessibles, de faciliter les changes de pr)18(ogrammes, et)]TJ T* .0389 Tw [(de crer les conditions de leur mise en valeur pour des usages)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(pr)18(ofessionnels, ducatifs, cultur)18(els et commer)18(c).1(iaux. )]TJ ET /Cs10 CS .81 1 .63 SCN 0 J 0 j .5 w 10 M []0 d 1 i q 1 0 0 1 84.693 441.977 cm 0 0 m 253.701 0 l S Q BT /F8 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 272.5958 444.2214 Tm 0 Tc .0305 Tw [(5. Conclusion)]TJ /F13 1 Tf -19.7792 -2.8603 TD -.0001 Tc -.0219 Tw (Il existe un )Tj /F10 1 Tf 4.711 0 TD [(cer)17.8(cle vertueux)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 7.3836 0 TD [(qui unit la numrisation, laccs, la)]TJ -12.0946 -1.3684 TD .1808 Tw [(sauvegar)18(de : plus le volume des documents numriss sac-)]TJ T* .1078 Tw [(cr)18(ot, plus on peut diversifier les services daccs, montr)18(e)-.1(r les)]TJ T* .0119 Tw [(ar)18(chives, gnr)18(e)-.1(r de nouveaux usages, attir)18(e)-.1(r de nouveaux uti-)]TJ T* -.0139 Tw [(lisateurs, tr)18(e)-.1( visible , intr)18(esser les pouvoirs publics, tr)18(ouver)]TJ 29.3908 47.3187 TD .0597 Tw [(des r)18(e)-.1(ssour)18(ces pour dvelopper plus avant la sauvegar)18(de et la)]TJ 0 -1.3986 TD -.0291 Tw [(numrisation. Il faut commencer le travail de numrisation sans)]TJ T* .0458 Tw [(attendr)18(e davoir runi tous les moyens ncessair)18(es la ralisa-)]TJ T* .0156 Tw [(tion dun PSN idal , il faut montr)18(e)-.1(r les trsors que r)18(e)-.1(clent)]TJ T* .0439 Tw [(les ar)18(chives ; cest un moteur ef)18(ficace pour mobiliser)91.9(,).1( convain-)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(cr)18(e, avancer)91.9(.)]TJ 0 -1.9954 TD .2719 Tw [(Le numrique modifie le )]TJ /F10 1 Tf 11.6973 0 TD -.0002 Tc .272 Tw [(statut de lar)17.7(chive)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 9.5205 0 TD -.0001 Tc .2719 Tw [(: le concept)]TJ -21.2178 -1.3986 TD .0465 Tw [( doriginal , inscrit dans la cultur)18(e de lar)18(chiviste des annes)]TJ T* .1483 Tw [(analogiques, nest plus aussi fondamental. Les copies num-)]TJ T* -.0322 Tw [(riques ne cotent pas cher raliser ; elles nont plus pour ef)18(fet)]TJ T* .0722 Tw [(de pr)18(oduir)18(e une image dgrade. L)98().1(authenticit du document)]TJ T* .1277 Tw [(original demeur)18(e, mais le numrique of)18(fr)18(e des outils de seg-)]TJ T* .1329 Tw [(mentation et de ragencement des contenus qui permettent)]TJ T* .0744 Tw [(de servir tous les usages. Le numrique confr)18(e lar)18(chive de)]TJ T* -.0133 Tw [(nouvelles qualits : laccessibilit, lubiquit, le partage. Il ouvr)18(e)]TJ T* .0926 Tw [(aussi de nouveaux questionnements : la pr)18(otection des dr)18(oits)]TJ T* .0303 Tw [(de pr)18(oprit intellectuelle et la lutte contr)18(e)-.1( le piratage; la mise)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(au point de nouveaux outils pour lindexation et la r)18(e)-.1(cher)18(che.)]TJ 0 -1.9954 TD -.0353 Tw [(Enfin, et de notr)18(e)-.1( point de vue dar)18(chiviste ce nest pas le moin-)]TJ 0 -1.3986 TD -.0287 Tw [(dr)18(e, le numrique a pr)18(ofondment modifi les )]TJ /F10 1 Tf 19.7067 0 TD [(mtiers de lar-)]TJ -19.7067 -1.3986 TD -.0002 Tc 0 Tw (chive)Tj /F13 1 Tf 2.4443 0 TD -.0001 Tc .0123 Tw [(. En particulier les documentalistes ont vu leurs pratiques)]TJ -2.4443 -1.3986 TD .0097 Tw [(changer)91.9(.).1( Les tches traditionnelles que sont le catalogage, lin-)]TJ T* -.0117 Tw [(dexation, la r)18(e)-.1(cher)18(che documentair)18(e sont dsormais largement)]TJ T* .1416 Tw [(ralises par dautr)18(es intervenants le pr)18(oducteur en amont)]TJ T* -.0387 Tw [(qui livr)18(e)-.1(ra lar)18(chive avec ses donnes de description, lutilisateur)]TJ T* .0077 Tw [(qui peut accder en ligne aux bases de donnes et la consul-)]TJ T* .134 Tw [(tation des vidos. Ces tches se sont estompes pour laisser)]TJ T* .0065 Tw [(place dautr)18(es, centres sur lorganisation du fonds, la valori-)]TJ T* .0846 Tw [(sation des contenus. Des outils nouveaux, on la vu, facilitent)]TJ T* -.0002 Tc -.0017 Tw (cette mission, et crent les conditions dune connaissance fine,)Tj T* -.0001 Tc .0992 Tw [(enfin matrise des fonds, qui fait du documentaliste de lr)18(e)]TJ T* -.0372 Tw [( numrique un spcialiste des contenus, un passeur)91.9(. Dans ce)]TJ T* -.0157 Tw [(monde numrique qui dbor)18(de dimages, ce rle dintermdia-)]TJ T* .0277 Tw (tion est devenu essentiel. )Tj 10.8048 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj ET .3 w q 1 0 0 1 648.262 439.024 cm 0 0 m 0 -354.331 l S Q 638.34 442.32 14.173 14.173 re f BT /F10 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 640.9795 446.69 Tm /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn -.0001 Tc (25)Tj ET /GS3 gs BT /F3 1 Tf 0 8 -8 0 644.267 224.3467 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn .0999 Tc .0251 Tw [(I)12(nternational P)29.9(r)9.9(eser)-17.7(v)5.9(a).1(tion N)29.7(e)-6(ws )-225( )-225( )-225( )-225(N)29.7(o)15.9(. 47 M)12(a).1(y 2009 )]TJ ET .15 scn /GS2 gs 84.693 84.69 532.913 210.41 re f BT /F10 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 93.1414 270.8638 Tm /Cs12 cs 1 scn -.0001 Tc .0277 Tw [(Institut National de lAudiovisuel de Francia. 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The National Digital Information)]TJ T* .038 Tw [(and Infrastructur)18(e)-.1( Pr)18(eservation Pr)18(ogram \(NDIIPP\) of the Library)]TJ T* .0897 Tw [(of Congr)18(ess funded )]TJ /F9 1 Tf 8.9754 0 TD -.0002 Tc .0898 Tw [(Preserving Digital Public T)73.9(e)-.1(levision)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 16.5845 0 TD (, a)Tj -25.5599 -1.3684 TD -.0001 Tc .323 Tw [(partnership between WNET)128.8(-TV in New Y)91.9(o)0(rk, WGBH-TV in)]TJ T* .0125 Tc .4041 Tw [(Boston, the Public Br)18(oadcasting Service, and New Y)91.9(o)0(rk)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc .0979 Tw [(University)91.8(,).1( to build a model pr)18(eservation r)18(e)-.1(pository for digital)]TJ T* .0579 Tw [(video files and to examine br)18(oader issues r)18(e)-.1(lated to operating)]TJ T* .0249 Tw [(such a r)18(e)-.1(pository)91.8(.).1( In addition to designing the r)18(e)-.1(pository itself,)]TJ T* .0004 Tw [(the pr)18(oject became a lead advocate for adopting technical and)]TJ T* -.0251 Tw [(metadata standar)18(ds acr)18(oss the television field and is pioneering)]TJ T* .0082 Tw [(pr)18(eservation-compliant digital pr)18(oduction workflows. 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In whatever manifes-)]TJ T* .1344 Tw [(tations these objects previously existed, they become bits)]TJ T* -.0107 Tw [(and bytes before they reach the public eye. That is an enor-)]TJ T* .0619 Tw [(mous amount of digital information to manage over time.)]TJ T* .1799 Tw [(As we move into the increasingly complex digital world,)]TJ T* .0442 Tw [(those charged with preser)-17.7(ving our television heritage have)]TJ T* -.0408 Tw [(the opportunity to develop and establish better coordinated)]TJ T* .3202 Tw [(and standardized preser)-17.7(vation policies and practices to)]TJ T* .0001 Tc .0044 Tw [(ensure what television programs and related assets sur)-17.5(vive.)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 7.5352 -1.3684 TD -.0001 Tc .0277 Tw [(\(Ide, MacCar)-17.7(n, Shepar)18(d, & W)17.9(e)-.1(isse, 2002\))]TJ 20.3637 63.9497 TD .1155 Tw [(When this was written, it was not yet evident that television)]TJ 0 -1.3684 TD -.0268 Tw [(br)18(oadcast operations would be alter)18(e)-.1(d so pr)18(ofoundly or so rap-)]TJ T* .0489 Tw [(idly by digital pr)18(oduction and distribution technologies. In less)]TJ T* .0766 Tw [(than a decade, br)18(oadcast television has shifted largely fr)18(om a)]TJ T* .2408 Tw [(manual pr)18(ocess based on videotape, to one that is almost)]TJ T* -.033 Tw [(entir)18(e)-.1(ly file-based. V)-5.8(i)0(rtually all pr)18(ograms ar)18(e now shot and edit-)]TJ T* .181 Tw [(ed digitally)91.8(, and completed pr)18(ograms ar)18(e finalized as digital)]TJ T* .0454 Tw [(files. T)110.7(e)-.1(levision distribution and transmission have been equal-)]TJ T* .0049 Tc .4117 Tw [(ly transformed, as tape-based submissions to the Public)]TJ T* 0 Tc .0031 Tw [(Br)18.1(oadcasting Service \(PBS\) and other national pr)18.1(ogram services)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc -.0182 Tw [(in the U.S. ar)18(e being r)18(e)-.1(placed by digital file transfers, and near-)]TJ T* .0766 Tw [(ly all local br)18(oadcast playback is now tapeless, with pr)18(ograms)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(stor)18(ed, assembled and air)18(e)-.1(d as files dir)18(ectly fr)18(om a server)91.9(.).1( )]TJ 0 -2.7368 TD -.0071 Tw [(The viewer experience has shifted as well. The explosion of on-)]TJ 0 -1.3684 TD .2146 Tw [(line br)18(oadcast content, coupled with a constantly changing)]TJ T* .024 Tw [(array of viewing devices, have cr)18(eated a fundamentally alter)18(e)-.1(d)]TJ T* -.0394 Tw [(video envir)18(onment which r)18(e)-.1(quir)18(es pr)18(ogramming to be viewable)]TJ T* .0192 Tw [(on everything fr)18(om the very smallest iPod scr)18(een to giant wall-)]TJ T* .0003 Tc .0038 Tw (size flat panels. By summer 2009, all U.S. full-power television)Tj T* -.0001 Tc .0973 Tw [(stations will have tur)-17.7(n)0(ed of)18(f their analog transmitters and be)]TJ T* .0485 Tw [(br)18(oadcasting exclusively on digital channels. The all-digital tel-)]TJ T* .0663 Tw [(evision chain will be complete, fr)18(om pr)18(ogram pr)18(oducer at the)]TJ T* .0096 Tw [(start of pr)18(oduction to the mobile viewer at the end of the line. )]TJ 0 -2.7369 TD .0449 Tw [(What do these changes mean for television ar)18(chives? 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However)91.9(,).1( it r)18(e)-.1(quir)18(es)]TJ T* .0348 Tw [(adopting a new appr)18(oach that incorporates pr)18(eservation prac-)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(tices into the entir)18(e)-.1( digital pr)18(oduction chain. )]TJ ET .3 w /GS2 gs q 1 0 0 1 59.182 439.023 cm 0 0 m 0 -354.33 l S Q /Cs10 cs .81 1 .63 scn 49.26 442.32 14.173 14.173 re f BT /F10 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 51.8992 446.69 Tm /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn 0 Tw (26)Tj ET /GS3 gs BT /F3 1 Tf 0 8 -8 0 55.1738 225.0144 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn .0999 Tc .0251 Tw [(I)12(nternational P)29.9(r)9.9(eser)-17.7(v)5.9(a).1(tion N)29.7(e)-6(ws )-225( )-225( )-225( )-225(N)29.7(o)15.9(. 47 M)12(a).1(y 2009)]TJ /F5 1 Tf 20 0 0 20 203.2345 807.2964 Tm -.0001 Tc .0258 Tw [(P)24(r)19.7(eser)-17.9(ving Digital P)24(ublic T)130(elevision:)]TJ /F6 1 Tf .6704 -1.2 TD [(I)17.9(s)0( )35.8(Ther)19.8(e Life After B)6(r)5.9(oadcasting? )]TJ /F10 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 94.6968 744.2966 Tm -.0002 Tc .0278 Tw [(by Nan Rubin,)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 0 -1.3636 TD -.0001 Tc [(Pr)18(oject Dir)18(e)-.1(ctor)91.9(,).1( )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 7.0358 0 TD [(Preser)-17.7(ving Digital Public T)91.7(e)-.1(levision)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 14.5062 0 TD [(, NDIIPP of the Library of Congr)18(ess, USA)]TJ ET 3 w /GS2 gs q 1 0 0 1 86.193 753.802 cm 0 0 m 0 -24.348 l S Q endstream endobj 209 0 obj << /ExtGState << /GS2 290 0 R /GS3 315 0 R >> /Font << /F12 294 0 R /F13 295 0 R /F5 301 0 R /F6 302 0 R /F9 303 0 R /F3 299 0 R /F10 296 0 R /F8 305 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs8 291 0 R /Cs11 317 0 R /Cs10 293 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 210 0 obj << /Length 9956 >> stream /Cs10 CS .81 1 .63 SCN 0 J 0 j .5 w 10 M []0 d /GS2 gs 1 i q 1 0 0 1 84.693 812.331 cm 0 0 m 253.701 0 l S Q /GS3 gs BT /F8 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 95.9292 814.5757 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn -.0001 Tc .0306 Tw [(Bringing Digital Pr)17.9(eservation to Public T)98.9(e).1(levision)]TJ /F13 1 Tf -1.1827 -2.8603 TD .0821 Tw [(The non-pr)18(ofit Corporation for Public Br)18(oadcasting \(CPB\) was)]TJ 0 -1.3684 TD .0623 Tw [(cr)18(eated by the U.S. Congr)18(ess thr)18(ough the Public Br)18(oadcasting)]TJ T* .0487 Tw [(Act of 1967, specifically to dispense Congr)18(essional funding to)]TJ T* .0186 Tw [(America)110.9(s public br)18(oadcasters, now numbering mor)18(e)-.1( than 350)]TJ T* .2224 Tw [(television stations and over 600 radio br)18(oadcasters. 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Only)]TJ 0 -1.3684 TD -.0001 Tc .2187 Tw [(a small number of pr)18(oducers ar)18(e capable of taking on the)]TJ T* .0583 Tw [(r)18(e)-.1(sponsibility and costs of pr)18(eserving their own materials, and)]TJ T* .2782 Tw [(pr)18(eservation planning is largely an afterthought. The rapid)]TJ T* -.0278 Tw [(changes in digital technology ar)18(e r)18(e)-.1(ndering r)18(e)-.1(cor)18(ding and play-)]TJ T* -.0245 Tw [(back systems obsolete at br)18(eakneck speeds, and while tools for)]TJ T* .0252 Tw [(managing large and complex video files ar)18(e fast evolving, they)]TJ T* .0169 Tw [(ar)18(e not yet perfected. This puts digitally pr)18(oduced pr)18(ograms at)]TJ T* .1214 Tw [(gr)18(eat risk of being lost, and potentially leaves a large gap in)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(saving America)110.9(s public television legacy)91.8(. )]TJ 0 -2.7368 TD -.0091 Tw [(U.S. public television stations WNET in New Y)91.9(o)0(rk and WGBH in)]TJ 0 -1.3684 TD .0281 Tw [(Boston r)18(e)-.1(cognized this challenge. Between them, the two sta-)]TJ T* .0825 Tw [(tions pr)18(oduce r)18(oughly 60% of the national prime time public)]TJ T* .019 Tc .3976 Tw [(television series in the U.S. including Fr)17.9(ontline, NOV)55(A,)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc -.0177 Tw [(American Masters and Gr)18(eat Performances. Mor)18(eover)91.9(,).1( because)]TJ T* .1485 Tw [(WNET and WGBH each maintain its own ar)18(chives, both sta-)]TJ T* .0643 Tw [(tions had a demonstrated commitment to long-term pr)18(ogram)]TJ T* .153 Tw [(pr)18(eservation. Both knew that solving the demands of digital)]TJ T* .128 Tw [(pr)18(eservation would be costly and that no station could do it)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(alone it would r)18(e)-.1(quir)18(e a collaborative ef)18(fort. )]TJ 0 -2.7368 TD -.0231 Tw [(When the Library of Congr)18(ess invited pr)18(oposals thr)18(ough NDIIPP)]TJ 0 -1.3684 TD .1858 Tw [(to pr)18(omote digital pr)18(eservation practices, WNET and WGBH)]TJ T* -.0341 Tw [(formed a partnership with the Public Br)18(oadcasting Service \(PBS\))]TJ T* .0725 Tw [(to develop a model r)18(e)-.1(pository for digital video. PBS operates)]TJ T* -.039 Tw [(the national network that distributes public television pr)18(ograms)]TJ T* -.0091 Tw [(to mor)18(e)-.1( than 300 local stations acr)18(oss the country)91.8(, and it is the)]TJ T* .2017 Tw [(principle de facto r)18(e)-.1(pository for national pr)18(ogramming. The)]TJ T* .078 Tw [(PBS war)18(e)-.1(house holds mor)18(e)-.1( than 150,000 analog tapes going)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(back mor)18(e)-.1( than 50 years. )]TJ 0 -2.7368 TD .109 Tw [(WNET)110.7(, WGBH and PBS ar)18(e all dir)18(ectly engaged in pr)18(oducing,)]TJ 0 -1.3684 TD -.0002 Tc -.0023 Tw [(distributing and ar)17.9(chiving television pr)17.9(ograms, and they shar)17.9(e)-.2(d)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc .0613 Tw [(a r)18(e)-.1(cognition that public television had to take steps to begin)]TJ T* .3922 Tw [(pr)18(otecting its rapidly gr)18(owing collection of digital assets.)]TJ T* .0216 Tw [(Because they ar)18(e primarily br)18(oadcasters, however)91.9(, they had lit-)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(tle experience developing a pr)18(eservation r)18(e)-.1(pository)91.8(.).1( )]TJ 29.3908 75.3867 TD .1233 Tw [(New Y)91.9(o)0(rk University pr)18(ovided the expertise that was lacking.)]TJ 0 -1.3874 TD .1096 Tw [(The NYU Digital Library T)110.7(e)-.1(chnology Services team had exten-)]TJ T* .2699 Tw [(sive experience designing r)18(e)-.1(pository systems specifically for)]TJ T* .1395 Tw [(transferring and pr)18(eserving large, video files wrapped in rich)]TJ T* .2123 Tw [(metadata. The pr)18(oject further benefited fr)18(om a r)18(e)-.1(lationship)]TJ T* .0665 Tw [(with NYU)110.9(s Moving Image Ar)18(chiving and Pr)18(eservation Masters)]TJ T* .3303 Tw [(Degr)18(ee Pr)18(ogram, whose students have pr)18(oduced excellent)]TJ T* .2511 Tw [(r)18(e)-.1(sear)18(ch as part of the pr)18(oject and whose graduates have)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(become full-time pr)18(oject staf)18(f. )]TJ ET /GS2 gs q 1 0 0 1 363.906 665.364 cm 0 0 m 253.7 0 l S Q /GS3 gs BT /F8 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 377.4575 667.6078 Tm .0306 Tw [(Pr)17.9(oject Goals: Build and T)98.9(e).1(st a Model Repository)]TJ /F13 1 Tf -1.4265 -2.8793 TD .1219 Tw [(Understandably)91.8(, the priorities of public br)18(oadcasting ar)18(e pr)18(o-)]TJ 0 -1.3874 TD .1377 Tw [(gram pr)18(oduction and br)18(oadcast delivery)91.8(,).1( not saving pr)18(ogram)]TJ T* .3993 Tw [(assets. T)110.7(ogether)91.9(, WNET)110.7(, WGBH, PBS and NYU organized)]TJ /F9 1 Tf T* -.0002 Tc .167 Tw [(Preserving Digital Public T)73.9(e)-.1(levision)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 4.75 0 0 4.75 523.6578 604.0577 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (1)Tj 9.5 0 0 9.5 530.5238 600.714 Tm -.0001 Tc .1669 Tw [(as a collaboration to)]TJ -17.5388 -1.3874 TD .0827 Tw [(intr)18(oduce digital pr)18(eservation issues, practices and benefits to)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(the public television system. )]TJ 0 -2.7748 TD .2101 Tw [(The pr)18(oject formally began in September 2004 and will be)]TJ 0 -1.3874 TD .2261 Tw [(completed in 2009 with a main focus to develop a model)]TJ T* .2495 Tw [(pr)18(eservation r)18(e)-.1(pository for large digital video files. Because)]TJ T* .0352 Tw [(public br)18(oadcasting as a whole has little exposur)18(e to pr)18(eserva-)]TJ T* .0463 Tw [(tion issues, the pr)18(oject also pr)18(oposed examining issues r)18(e)-.1(lated)]TJ T* .0536 Tw [(to content selection and appraisal, studying copyright impedi-)]TJ T* .0139 Tw [(ments, and examining r)18(e)-.1(levant financial and gover)-17.7(nance mod-)]TJ T* .0742 Tw [(els for r)18(e)-.1(pository operations. An underlying goal was to pr)18(o-)]TJ T* .2859 Tw [(mote an understanding within public br)18(oadcasting that to)]TJ T* .0956 Tw [(exploit its pr)18(ogramming well into the futur)18(e)-.1(, digital pr)18(eserva-)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(tion should be a new priority worthy of investment. )]TJ 0 -2.7748 TD .2366 Tw [(T)110.7(o)0( be successful, )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 8.0432 0 TD [(Preser)-17.7(ving Digital Public T)91.7(e)-.1(levision)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 15.6472 0 TD (had to)Tj -23.6904 -1.3874 TD -.039 Tw [(demonstrate that building a r)18(e)-.1(pository was technically possible,)]TJ T* .0143 Tw [(and that operating a r)18(e)-.1(pository was functionally and economi-)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(cally feasible. In this context the initial set of activities wer)18(e)-.1(: )]TJ T* .1136 Tw [( )88.9(Designing a test r)18(e)-.1(pository for bor)-17.7(n-digital public television)]TJ .8026 -1.3874 TD 0 Tw (content. )Tj -.8026 -1.3874 TD .1726 Tw [( )147.9(Developing standar)18(ds for metadata, file formats, wrappers)]TJ .8026 -1.3874 TD .0277 Tw [(and pr)18(oduction workflow practices. )]TJ -.8026 -1.3874 TD .1448 Tw [( )120.1(Drafting r)18(e)-.1(commendations for appraisal and selection poli-)]TJ .8026 -1.3874 TD .0277 Tw [(cies for public television content.)]TJ -.8026 -1.3874 TD -.0052 Tw [( )-29.9(Examining issues of long-term content accessibility and oper-)]TJ .8026 -1.3874 TD .0277 Tw [(ational sustainability)91.8(.)]TJ -.8026 -2.7748 TD -.0305 Tw [(In planning for the NDIIPP pr)18(oject, the public television partners)]TJ 0 -1.3874 TD .1489 Tw [(understood that identifying commonly used file formats and)]TJ T* .0188 Tc .3978 Tw [(pr)17.9(oduction pr)17.9(otocols, determining appr)17.9(o)-.1(priate metadata)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc .0342 Tw [(r)18(e)-.1(quir)18(ements, and adopting technical standar)18(ds would be key)91.8(.)]TJ T* .1623 Tw [(The pr)18(oject naively assumed that both commer)18(c).1(ial television)]TJ T* .193 Tw (networks and large collecting institutions like the Library of)Tj T* .1552 Tw [(Congr)18(ess, which was completing its Packar)18(d Campus of the)]TJ T* .0069 Tc .4097 Tw [(National Audio-V)-5.8(isual Conservation Center)91.9(,)0( wer)17.9(e)-.1( making)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc .0393 Tw [(pr)18(ogr)18(ess on solving these same pr)18(oblems and public television)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(could benefit by joining in with work alr)18(eady underway)91.8(.).1( )]TJ ET .3 w /GS2 gs q 1 0 0 1 648.262 439.024 cm 0 0 m 0 -354.331 l S Q /Cs10 cs .81 1 .63 scn 638.34 442.32 14.173 14.173 re f BT /F10 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 640.9795 446.69 Tm /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn 0 Tw (27)Tj ET /GS3 gs BT /F3 1 Tf 0 8 -8 0 644.267 224.3467 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn .0999 Tc .0251 Tw [(I)12(nternational P)29.9(r)9.9(eser)-17.7(v)5.9(a).1(tion N)29.7(e)-6(ws )-225( )-225( )-225( )-225(N)29.7(o)15.9(. 47 M)12(a).1(y 2009 )]TJ ET endstream endobj 211 0 obj << /ExtGState << /GS2 290 0 R /GS3 315 0 R >> /Font << /F12 294 0 R /F13 295 0 R /F9 303 0 R /F3 299 0 R /F10 296 0 R /F8 305 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs8 291 0 R /Cs11 317 0 R /Cs10 293 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 212 0 obj << /Length 8641 >> stream /GS3 gs BT /F13 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 84.6929 814.5757 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn -.0001 Tc .1938 Tw [(The pr)18(oject quickly lear)-17.7(ned, however)91.9(, that this was not the)]TJ 0 -1.3684 TD .1183 Tw [(case. Other video pr)18(oducers, including the networks and the)]TJ T* [(Library itself, wer)18(e)-.1( in fact struggling with the same technical)]TJ T* .0279 Tw [(issues. Instead of tagging along, the pr)18(oject found itself in the)]TJ T* .1741 Tw [(unanticipated position of leading the ef)18(fort in the television)]TJ T* .2803 Tw [(industry to cr)18(eate a standar)18(d)0( for video file wrappers, and)]TJ T* .019 Tw [(adopting one of the first sets of metadata schema appr)18(opriate)]TJ T* -.018 Tw [(for long-term video pr)18(eservation. Both of these outcomes wer)18(e)]TJ T* 0 Tw (unexpected.)Tj 0 -1.9652 TD .0002 Tw [(As for bringing a new consciousness to the system, our pr)18(oject)]TJ 0 -1.3684 TD .2346 Tw [(has sparked widespr)18(ead support to launch local as well as)]TJ T* .0513 Tw [(national pr)18(eservation activities, and we helped pr)18(ompt CPB to)]TJ T* -.0282 Tw [(pr)18(opose cr)18(eating )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 7.3522 0 TD [(The American Archive)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 9.2747 0 TD [(, its first funding ever to)]TJ -16.6269 -1.3684 TD .1187 Tw [(support pr)18(eservation services for U.S. public radio and televi-)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(sion pr)18(ogramming. )]TJ /F9 1 Tf 0 -2.8603 TD -.0002 Tc [(Using the OAIS Reference Model)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 0 -1.9652 TD -.0001 Tc .1085 Tw [(Digital objects must undergo ongoing transformations within)]TJ 0 -1.3684 TD .1673 Tw [(ever)55.1(-changing technological systems to r)18(e)-.1(main usable. File)]TJ T* .0069 Tw [(formats and softwar)18(e)-.1( upgrades happen fr)18(equently)91.8(, and once a)]TJ T* .0079 Tw [(digital object has been put in a r)18(e)-.1(pository or saved on a server)91.9(,)]TJ T* .2328 Tw [(it is by no means pr)18(eserved. Instead, digital files r)18(e)-.1(quir)18(e)]TJ T* .0989 Tw [(duplication, auditing, migration and ongoing maintenance to)]TJ T* .1274 Tw [(r)18(e)-.1(main accessible and usable. As Ken Thibodeau, Dir)18(e)-.1(ctor of)]TJ T* .3574 Tw [(the Electr)18(onic Recor)18(ds Ar)18(chives pr)18(ogram at NARA, notes,)]TJ T* .022 Tw [(empirically)91.8(, you cannot actually pr)18(eserve an electr)18(onic r)18(e)-.1(cor)18(d)0(.)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(Y)91.9(ou can only pr)18(eserve the ability to r)18(e)-.1(pr)18(oduce the r)18(e)-.1(cor)18(d)0(.)]TJ 4.75 0 0 4.75 323.8658 467.4077 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (2)Tj 9.5 0 0 9.5 84.6929 445.3947 Tm -.0112 Tc .0172 Tw [(The clear implication is that digital pr)18(eservation is not mer)18(e)-.1(ly file)]TJ T* .4143 Tw [(storage, but r)18(e)-.1(quir)18(es adequate infrastructur)18(e)-.1(, facilities and)]TJ T* .1043 Tw [(r)18(e)-.1(sour)18(ces to ensur)18(e that the files will be pr)18(otected and r)18(e)-.1(main)]TJ T* .011 Tc .4547 Tw [(r)17.9(eadable over time. )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 10.0668 0 TD [(T)91.7(r).1(ustworthy Repositories Audit and)]TJ -10.0668 -1.3684 TD -.0112 Tc -.0363 Tw [(Certication: Criteria and Checklist)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 14.4385 0 TD 0 Tw (\(TRAC\))Tj 4.75 0 0 4.75 249.2082 396.7384 Tm 0 Tc (3)Tj 9.5 0 0 9.5 253.9855 393.3946 Tm -.0112 Tc -.0363 Tw [(is the curr)18(ently r)18(e)-.1(cog-)]TJ -17.8203 -1.3684 TD .1427 Tw [(nized standar)18(d)0( in the U.S. by which to measur)18(e a r)18(e)-.1(pository)110.9(s)]TJ T* .0004 Tw [(capability of acting as trustworthy)91.9(,).1( sustainable, digital car)18(e)-.1(taker)91.9(.)]TJ 4.75 0 0 4.75 335.7532 370.7384 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (4)Tj 9.5 0 0 9.5 84.6929 348.7254 Tm -.0001 Tc .027 Tw [(Developed as a joint ef)18(fort between the National Ar)18(chives and)]TJ T* .3676 Tw [(Recor)18(ds Administration and the Resear)18(ch Libraries Gr)18(oup,)]TJ T* .093 Tw [(TRAC pr)18(ovides guidelines for institutions that of)18(fer long term)]TJ T* .0287 Tw [(pr)18(eservation services. The TRAC criteria follow the well-estab-)]TJ T* .0162 Tw [(lished, standar)18(dized functional r)18(e)-.1(quir)18(ements of a digital r)18(e)-.1(pos-)]TJ 29.3908 54.5106 TD .1003 Tw [(itory as outlined in the ISO Standar)18(d)0( )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 16.3495 0 TD (Reference Model for an)Tj -16.3495 -1.3684 TD -.0072 Tw [(Open Archival Information System)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 14.8007 0 TD 0 Tw (\(OAIS\).)Tj 4.75 0 0 4.75 532.4835 804.9194 Tm 0 Tc (5)Tj 9.5 0 0 9.5 537.6961 801.5758 Tm -.0001 Tc -.0072 Tw [(The OAIS Refer)18(e)-.1(nce)]TJ -18.2937 -1.3684 TD .318 Tw [(Model pr)18(ovides a generic vocabulary for discussing digital)]TJ T* .141 Tw [(pr)18(eservation r)18(e)-.1(pository concepts based on br)18(oadly-supported)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(standar)18(ds and operational practices. )]TJ T* .2046 Tw [(T)110.7(o)0( meet the expectation of long-term file sustainability)91.8(,).1( the)]TJ T* .1675 Tw [(NYU Digital Library T)110.7(e)-.1(chnology Services team intended fr)18(om)]TJ T* .1548 Tw [(the start that the model r)18(e)-.1(pository would become an OAIS-)]TJ T* .0244 Tw [(compliant T)91.7(r).1(usted Digital Repository)91.8(,).1( following the TRAC crite-)]TJ T* -.037 Tw [(ria. Functionality was designed ar)18(ound DSpace, an open-sour)18(ce)]TJ T* .0824 Tw [(softwar)18(e)-.1( application used at NYU to stor)18(e and manage other)]TJ T* .0248 Tw [(moving image collections, and technical issues r)18(e)-.1(sted primarily)]TJ T* .2226 Tw [(on how best to organize test files and metadata to cr)18(eate)]TJ T* .0221 Tc .6783 Tw [(Submission Information Packages \(SIPs\) and Ar)17.9(chival)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc .0277 Tw [(Information Packages \(AIPs\) following the OAIS construct.)]TJ 4.75 0 0 4.75 599.2621 635.9194 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (6)Tj /F9 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 363.9055 605.4026 Tm -.0001 Tc .0277 Tw [(T)74(e)0(sting Program Files)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 0 -1.9652 TD -.0112 Tc .1145 Tw [(T)110.7(o)0( test ingest and r)18(e)-.1(trieval for the r)18(e)-.1(pository)91.9(,).1( the team used a)]TJ 0 -1.3684 TD -.0161 Tw [(sample of 35 hours of pr)18(ogramming, both HD and standar)18(d)0( def-)]TJ T* .023 Tw [(inition files drawn fr)18(om the national series Natur)18(e, Fr)18(ontline and)]TJ T* .0747 Tw [(Religion and Ethics Newsweekly)91.9(,).1( plus a selection fr)18(om the local)]TJ T* .1196 Tw [(pr)18(ogram New Y)91.9(o)0(rk V)55(oices. The test files originated fr)18(om thr)18(e)-.1(e)]TJ T* .2696 Tw [(sour)18(ces high r)18(e)-.1(solution pr)18(ogram masters fr)18(om WNET and)]TJ T* .1309 Tw [(WGBH, and lower r)18(e)-.1(solution distribution versions of the same)]TJ T* -.0392 Tw [(pr)18(ograms fr)18(om PBS. This collection of pr)18(ograms allowed the pr)18(oj-)]TJ T* .0093 Tw [(ect to test of a mix of both high and low r)18(e)-.1(solution pr)18(ogram file)]TJ T* .0748 Tw [(formats. It also r)18(e)-.1(quir)18(ed the files to be accompanied by a wide)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(range of metadata that was collected fr)18(om multiple sour)18(ces. )]TJ /F9 1 Tf 0 -2.8603 TD -.0002 Tc (Collecting and Managing Metadata )Tj /F13 1 Tf 0 -1.9652 TD -.0001 Tc .0187 Tw [(Because the model r)18(e)-.1(pository does not input any new descrip-)]TJ 0 -1.3684 TD -.0176 Tw [(tive metadata, to cr)18(eate a useful Ar)18(chival Information Packages)]TJ T* -.0284 Tw [(\(AIPs\), suf)18(ficient information about each pr)18(ogram file had to be)]TJ T* .3593 Tw [(packaged and sent along with the video as part of the)]TJ T* .011 Tw [(Submission Information Package \(SIP\). The pr)18(ogram SIPs ther)18(e-)]TJ T* .0642 Tw [(for)18(e)-.1( had to include the r)18(e)-.1(quisite metadata as well as the pr)18(o-)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(gram files themselves. )]TJ ET /Cs10 CS .81 1 .63 SCN 0 J 0 j .3 w 10 M []0 d /GS2 gs 1 i q 1 0 0 1 59.182 439.023 cm 0 0 m 0 -354.33 l S Q /Cs10 cs .81 1 .63 scn 49.26 442.32 14.173 14.173 re f BT /F10 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 51.8992 446.69 Tm /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn 0 Tw (28)Tj ET /GS3 gs BT /F3 1 Tf 0 8 -8 0 55.1738 225.0144 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn .0999 Tc .0251 Tw [(I)12(nternational P)29.9(r)9.9(eser)-17.7(v)5.9(a).1(tion N)29.7(e)-6(ws )-225( )-225( )-225( )-225(N)29.7(o)15.9(. 47 M)12(a).1(y 2009)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 196.6157 94.5366 Tm -.0001 Tc .0277 Tw [(Figur)18(e 1. )]TJ -13.0686 -1.25 TD [(Diagram for a Digital Repository based on the OAIS Refer)18(e)-.1(nce Model. )]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 85.041 108.283 253.353 161.557 re f q 85.041 269.84 253.353 -161.557 re W* n .000031 906.375 702.299 -906.36 re W n /GS3 gs q 253.869 0 0 162.231 85.041 107.609 cm /Im29 Do Q Q 363.905 100.14 293.388 216.227 re f q 363.905 316.367 293.388 -216.227 re W* n .000031 906.375 702.299 -906.36 re W n /GS3 gs q 293.359 0 0 216.536 363.905 100.01 cm /Im30 Do Q Q /GS3 gs BT 8 0 0 8 363.9055 85.3936 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn [(Figur)18(e 2. Repository Information Packages.)]TJ ET endstream endobj 213 0 obj << /ExtGState << /GS2 290 0 R /GS3 315 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs11 317 0 R /Cs10 293 0 R /Cs8 291 0 R /Cs13 333 0 R >> /Font << /F10 296 0 R /F12 294 0 R /F3 299 0 R /F9 303 0 R /F13 295 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text /ImageB ] /XObject << /Im30 343 0 R /Im29 344 0 R >> >> endobj 214 0 obj << /Length 8718 >> stream /GS3 gs BT /F13 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 84.6932 814.5757 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn -.0001 Tc .3338 Tw [(Determining an appr)18(opriate set of metadata fields was a)]TJ 0 -1.3802 TD .0587 Tw [(detailed and intensive task. One fundamental r)18(e)-.1(quir)18(ement for)]TJ T* .0334 Tw [(each pr)18(ogram was to aggr)18(egate its content with its metadata,)]TJ T* .0212 Tw [(r)18(e)-.1(gar)18(dless that they originated fr)18(om disparate sour)18(ces, such as)]TJ T* .2778 Tw [(fr)18(om the pr)18(oducing station \(the high-r)18(e)-.1(solution pr)18(oduction)]TJ T* .0109 Tw [(master\) and also fr)18(om PBS \(lower)55.1(-r)18(esolution br)18(oadcast master)91.9(.\))]TJ T* .1257 Tw [(Database exports fr)18(om each sour)18(ce also had to be analyzed,)]TJ T* -.0222 Tw [(particularly the extensive descriptive and rights metadata cr)18(eat-)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(ed by PBS for br)18(oadcast scheduling. )]TJ T* .0458 Tw [(The initial tests of the r)18(e)-.1(pository r)18(e)-.1(vealed that, because public)]TJ T* .116 Tw [(television pr)18(ogram pr)18(oducers in the US ar)18(e largely independ-)]TJ T* .0452 Tw [(ent, each operates with dif)18(fer)18(e)-.1(nt softwar)18(e)-.1(, har)18(d)0(war)18(e)-.1(, pr)18(oduc-)]TJ T* -.0003 Tc -.0029 Tw [(tion pr)17.8(ocedur)17.8(es and r)17.8(e)-.3(cor)17.8(d)-.2(keeping. This r)17.8(e)-.3(sulted in pr)17.8(oduction)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc .0675 Tw [(master files submitted to the r)18(e)-.1(pository which came in a vari-)]TJ T* .2162 Tw [(ety of encoding and wrapper formats and which wer)18(e)-.1( not)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(equally easy to manage or playback. )]TJ 0 -2.7604 TD .0802 Tw [(The pr)18(oject also found ther)18(e was very little consistency in the)]TJ 0 -1.3802 TD .1322 Tw [(way metadata for each pr)18(ogram was r)18(e)-.1(cor)18(d)0(ed, as pr)18(oducers)]TJ T* .1199 Tw [(cr)18(eated certain elements of metadata, PBS generated others,)]TJ T* .0204 Tw [(and all of it was saved in dif)18(fer)18(e)-.1(nt modes for dif)18(fer)18(e)-.1(nt purpos-)]TJ T* .0606 Tw [(es \(i.e. pr)18(oduction vs. distribution\). Further)91.9(, metadata was not)]TJ T* -.0384 Tw [(collected consistently in a centralized place, even within PBS, so)]TJ T* -.0322 Tw [(collecting it to meet the needs of the r)18(e)-.1(pository had to be done)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(on a time consuming, pr)18(ogram-by-pr)18(ogram basis. )]TJ 0 -2.7604 TD .0326 Tw [(T)110.7(o)0( organize such idiosyncratic metadata, the pr)18(oject examined)]TJ 0 -1.3802 TD .0393 Tw [(a br)18(oad range of standar)18(d)0( metadata schema used by libraries,)]TJ T* .0517 Tw [(ar)18(chives and the commer)18(c).1(ial br)18(oadcast field. Pr)18(oject staf)18(f paid)]TJ T* .1462 Tw [(special attention to PBCor)18(e)]TJ 4.75 0 0 4.75 198.458 437.6729 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (7)Tj 9.5 0 0 9.5 205.1276 434.329 Tm -.0001 Tc .1462 Tw [(a metadata dictionary based on)]TJ -12.6773 -1.3802 TD -.0205 Tw [(Dublin Cor)18(e)-.1( designed specifically for public radio and television)]TJ T* .0759 Tw [(pr)18(ogram files, and PBCor)18(e)-.1( was chosen early on as the appr)18(o-)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(priate standar)18(d)0( to captur)18(e descriptive pr)18(ogram metadata. )]TJ T* -.01 Tw [(PBCor)18(e)-.1( has been in development for several years, but r)18(e)-.1(mains)]TJ T* .2761 Tw [(in the early stages of system-wide adoption. Even so, the)]TJ T* .0024 Tc .4142 Tw [(r)18(e)-.1(pository designed its descriptive metadata r)18(e)-.1(quir)18(ements)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc -.0417 Tw [(ar)18(ound PBCor)18(e)-.1(, and in the course of the pr)18(oject, all thr)18(ee of the)]TJ T* .0122 Tw [(public television partners have implemented PBCor)18(e)-.1(-compliant)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(export functionality for particular pr)18(ogram databases. )]TJ T* .0775 Tw [(Incorporating technical metadata embedded in the video files)]TJ T* .1583 Tw [(of the AIP also pr)18(oved to be a challenge. The pr)18(ogram files)]TJ T* .0467 Tw [(wer)18(e)-.1( submitted to the r)18(e)-.1(pository in a number of wrapper for-)]TJ T* .1532 Tw [(mats, including MXF and QuickT)-24(ime, and encoding formats,)]TJ T* -.0144 Tw [(including various flavors of MPEG and DVC Pr)18(o. These r)18(e)-.1(quir)18(ed)]TJ T* .1162 Tw [(multiple tools able to extract such technical metadata as bit-)]TJ T* .1174 Tw [(rate, file size, and frame size, fr)18(om the file headers. Because)]TJ T* .1728 Tw [(extracting technical metadata is critical for long term digital)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(pr)18(eservation and access, this was an important operation. )]TJ /F9 1 Tf 0 -2.8721 TD [(Standard Metadata Schema)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 0 -1.977 TD .0194 Tw [(T)91.7(r).1(ansforming the submitted and extracted metadata into stan-)]TJ 0 -1.3802 TD .0207 Tw [(dar)18(d)0( formats was a clear necessity)91.8(.).1( The solution was to encap-)]TJ T* .1253 Tw [(sulate the necessary descriptive and technical metadata, plus)]TJ T* .1896 Tw [(pr)18(eservation and administrative metadata, fr)18(om several data)]TJ T* .2477 Tw [(dictionary schema while maintaining information unique to)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(public television pr)18(ogramming. )]TJ 29.3908 76.6198 TD .1233 Tw [(The r)18(e)-.1(pository developed a structur)18(e)-.1( to captur)18(e all necessary)]TJ 0 -1.3684 TD -.0151 Tw [(metadata using PBCor)18(e)-.1( for descriptive and technical metadata,)]TJ T* .2508 Tw [(PREMIS for additional technical and pr)18(eservation metadata,)]TJ T* .1222 Tw [(and METSRights for rights metadata. Appr)18(opriate fields fr)18(om)]TJ T* .1321 Tw [(these standar)18(ds, along with virtual links to the pr)18(ogram files)]TJ T* .0105 Tc .4061 Tw [(themselves, ar)18(e all contained within a METS \(Metadata)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc .0277 Tw [(Encoding and T)91.7(r).1(ansmission Standar)18(d)0(\) wrapper)91.9(.).1( )]TJ 8 0 0 8 442.5007 476.5757 Tm [(Figur)18(e 3. Metadata Schema.)]TJ 9.5 0 0 9.5 363.9056 443.5757 Tm .2042 Tw [(The pr)18(oblems encounter)18(ed by testing these various file for-)]TJ T* .1753 Tw [(mats, combined with the time-consuming ef)18(forts needed to)]TJ T* .1652 Tw [(collect metadata, demonstrated the necessity of setting uni-)]TJ T* .0398 Tw [(form standar)18(ds acr)18(oss the public television system for the suc-)]TJ T* -.0125 Tw [(cess of any futur)18(e)-.1( r)18(e)-.1(pository operation. Otherwise, automating)]TJ T* .0911 Tw [(the functions of managing the metadata of large collections)]TJ T* -.0389 Tw [(would not be feasible, and managing the video files themselves)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(would be overwhelming. )]TJ /F9 1 Tf 0 -2.8603 TD -.0002 Tc [(Developing a File-based V)17.6(ideo Production W)29.6(o)0(rkflow )]TJ /F13 1 Tf 0 -1.9652 TD -.0001 Tc .116 Tw [(W)-23.9(i)0(th the understanding that pr)18(eservation and other valuable)]TJ 0 -1.3684 TD .1466 Tw [(metadata must be captur)18(ed early in the pr)18(ocess, the pr)18(oject)]TJ T* .2536 Tw [(examined pr)18(ogram pr)18(oduction workflows to identify points)]TJ T* .0744 Tw [(wher)18(e key metadata ar)18(e cr)18(eated. However)91.9(,).1( this tur)-17.7(n)0(ed out to)]TJ T* .1322 Tw [(be pr)18(oblematic because when the pr)18(oject began, pr)18(oduction)]TJ T* .0073 Tw [(workflows wer)18(e)-.1( largely manual and the technology and digital)]TJ T* .0218 Tw [(asset management tools necessary to manage file-based video)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(workflows wer)18(e)-.1( not in place. )]TJ 0 -2.7368 TD .2406 Tw [(That changed in the October 2008, when WNET launched)]TJ 0 -1.3684 TD .1273 Tw [(WORLDFOCUS, a daily half-hour inter)-17.7(national news pr)18(ogram)]TJ T* .1431 Tw [(that is pioneering a digital pr)18(oduction workflow end-to-end.)]TJ T* .0903 Tw [(W)-23.9(i)0(th cost-ef)18(f).1(ective digital r)18(e)-.1(cor)18(ding, editing and file transfers)]TJ T* .2138 Tw [(finally available, WORLDFOCUS pr)18(ovided the opportunity to)]TJ T* -.0131 Tw [(test the pr)18(eservation concepts of an actual file-based workflow)]TJ T* .0277 Tw (for the first time. )Tj T* .015 Tw [(The pr)18(ogram is pr)18(oduced with video files coming fr)18(om P2 field)]TJ T* .0045 Tc .4121 Tw [(cameras, studio r)17.9(e)-.1(cor)17.9(dings and other sour)17.9(ces, pr)17.9(ocessed)]TJ ET /Cs10 CS .81 1 .63 SCN 0 J 0 j .3 w 10 M []0 d /GS2 gs 1 i q 1 0 0 1 648.262 439.024 cm 0 0 m 0 -354.331 l S Q /Cs10 cs .81 1 .63 scn 638.34 442.32 14.173 14.173 re f BT /F10 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 640.9795 446.69 Tm /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn -.0001 Tc 0 Tw (29)Tj ET /GS3 gs BT /F3 1 Tf 0 8 -8 0 644.267 224.3467 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn .0999 Tc .0251 Tw [(I)12(nternational P)29.9(r)9.9(eser)-17.7(v)5.9(a).1(tion N)29.7(e)-6(ws )-225( )-225( )-225( )-225(N)29.7(o)15.9(. 47 M)12(a).1(y 2009 )]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 363.906 491.138 290.273 233.24 re f q 363.906 724.378 290.273 -233.24 re W* n .000031 906.375 702.299 -906.36 re W n /GS3 gs q 290.283 0 0 222.248 363.906 496.631 cm /Im31 Do Q Q endstream endobj 215 0 obj << /ExtGState << /GS2 290 0 R /GS3 315 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs11 317 0 R /Cs10 293 0 R /Cs8 291 0 R /Cs13 333 0 R >> /Font << /F10 296 0 R /F3 299 0 R /F9 303 0 R /F13 295 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text /ImageB ] /XObject << /Im31 345 0 R >> >> endobj 216 0 obj << /Length 10325 >> stream /GS3 gs BT /F13 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 84.6929 814.5757 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn -.0001 Tc .0189 Tw [(thr)18(ough a central ingest facility at WNET)110.7(. Most ar)18(e encoded as)]TJ 0 -1.3684 TD -.0024 Tw [(DVCPr)18(oHD files \(also known as DV100,\) which r)18(e)-.1(quir)18(e minimal)]TJ T* .0332 Tw [(transcoding to normalize file formats. Instead, the DV100 files)]TJ T* .2072 Tw [(r)18(e)-.1(main intact but ar)18(e r)18(e)-.1(-wrapped fr)18(om de-multiplexed MXF)]TJ T* .0746 Tw [(into a single Quicktime file. Related PBCor)18(e)-.1( metadata r)18(e)-.1(cor)18(d)0(s)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(ar)18(e cr)18(eated at the same time. )]TJ 0 -2.7368 TD .1009 Tw [(The DV100 files ar)18(e then transferr)18(e)-.1(d in-house for editing \(on)]TJ 0 -1.3684 TD .137 Tw [(Final Cut Pr)18(o\) and when the pr)18(oduction is finished, they ar)18(e)]TJ T* .0952 Tw [(sent to the br)18(oadcast servers for play-out. For transfer to the)]TJ T* .0969 Tw [(r)18(e)-.1(pository)91.8(,).1( the PBCor)18(e)-.1( metadata r)18(e)-.1(cor)18(d)0( is added to the final-)]TJ T* .0471 Tw [(ized DV100 pr)18(ogram file to cr)18(eate the r)18(e)-.1(pository SIP)152.7(.).1( The digi-)]TJ T* .0477 Tw [(tal workflow of WORLDFOCUS has allowed us to submit gen-)]TJ T* -.0413 Tw [(uine bor)-17.7(n-digital sour)18(ce footage, as well as completed pr)18(ogram)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(episodes, to the r)18(e)-.1(pository for the first time.)]TJ 4.75 0 0 4.75 264.712 635.9194 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (8)Tj /F9 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 84.6929 605.4026 Tm -.0001 Tc .0277 Tw [(Search for a Standard V)17.7(ideo File Wrapper )]TJ /F13 1 Tf 0 -1.9652 TD .0119 Tw [(The use of a standar)18(dized video file wrapper is consider)18(e)-.1(d as a)]TJ 0 -1.3684 TD .1429 Tw [(r)18(e)-.1(quir)18(ement for successfully exchanging digital files between)]TJ T* .0079 Tw [(entities, particularly to support futur)18(e)-.1( file migration. A number)]TJ T* .0421 Tw [(of so-called video wrapper standar)18(ds exist, but despite ven-)]TJ T* .0396 Tw [(dor claims, the files do not all actually inter)18(operate with many)]TJ T* .0221 Tc .447 Tw [(equipment configurations used by public br)17.9(oadcasters.)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc .1575 Tw [(Consequently)91.8(, the sear)18(ch for a functional wrapper has been)]TJ T* 0 Tw (persistent.)Tj 0 -2.7368 TD .0241 Tw [(Any initiative to cr)18(eate technical standar)18(ds for public television)]TJ 0 -1.3684 TD .0793 Tw [(must dovetail with the needs of the commer)18(c).1(ial br)18(oadcasting)]TJ T* .1382 Tw [(industry)91.8(, because public television on its own does not carry)]TJ T* .2725 Tw [(enough economic clout to influence har)18(d)0(war)18(e)-.1( vendors. T)110.7(o)]TJ T* .0221 Tc .4395 Tw [(examine this issue, the pr)17.9(oject convened a W)17.8(rapper)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc .2319 Tw [(Roundtable of technologists, digital ar)18(chivists and industry)]TJ T* .1809 Tw [(leaders in hopes that the networks had made pr)18(ogr)18(ess and)]TJ T* .0693 Tw [(would shar)18(e)-.1( their findings. However)91.9(,).1( the gr)18(oup was surprised)]TJ T* -.0002 Tc -.0013 Tw [(to lear)-17.8(n that the lack of consistent wrapper standar)17.9(ds was also)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc .0277 Tw [(a major pr)18(oblem for the commer)18(c).1(ial networks.)]TJ 0 -2.7369 TD .0168 Tw [(The wrapper standar)18(d)0( r)18(e)-.1(mains to be solved, but due in part to)]TJ 0 -1.3684 TD .3093 Tw [(the collaborative atmospher)18(e)-.1( established by the W)17.9(rapper)]TJ T* .4 Tw [(Roundtable,, the Advanced Media W)17.9(o)0(rkflow Association)]TJ T* .1534 Tw [(\(which r)18(e)-.1(pr)18(esents vendors\) has launched the AS-03 wrapper)]TJ T* .1349 Tw [(pr)18(oject specifically to develop an MXF standar)18(d)0( that vendors)]TJ T* .0277 Tw (will support.)Tj 4.75 0 0 4.75 135.0917 265.077 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (9)Tj ET /Cs10 CS .81 1 .63 SCN 0 J 0 j .5 w 10 M []0 d /GS2 gs 1 i q 1 0 0 1 84.693 218.142 cm 0 0 m 253.701 0 l S Q /GS3 gs BT /F8 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 213.2178 220.3867 Tm -.0001 Tc .0306 Tw (Access and Sustainability)Tj /F13 1 Tf -13.5289 -2.8603 TD .1025 Tw [(In addition to testing the r)18(e)-.1(pository model, )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 19.2536 0 TD [(Preser)-17.7(ving Digital)]TJ -19.2536 -1.3684 TD .17 Tw [(Public T)91.7(e)-.1(levision)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 7.4138 0 TD .1699 Tw [(committed to evaluate the impact of rights)]TJ -7.4138 -1.3684 TD .1648 Tw [(r)18(e)-.1(strictions on digital pr)18(eservation and futur)18(e)-.1( access, and to)]TJ T* .2228 Tw [(examine issues r)18(e)-.1(lating to the long term sustainability of a)]TJ T* .0466 Tw [(r)18(e)-.1(pository operation. Both subjects ar)18(e complex, and the pr)18(oj-)]TJ T* .3018 Tw [(ect has pr)18(oduced two compr)18(e)-.1(hensive r)18(e)-.1(ports that pr)18(ovide)]TJ T* .0226 Tw [(detailed analysis of each issue in r)18(e)-.1(lation to public television in)]TJ T* .0277 Tw (the U.S.)Tj /F9 1 Tf 29.3908 74.9855 TD -.0002 Tc [(Analyzing the Impact of Rights Restrictions)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 0 -2.0143 TD -.0001 Tc .0211 Tw [(T)110.7(e)-.1(levision pr)18(ograms ar)18(e comprised of a wide array of elements)]TJ 0 -1.4175 TD .0221 Tc .8144 Tw [(gover)-17.7(n)0(ed by rights r)17.9(e)-.1(strictions and other encum-)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc .0747 Tw [(brances. T)110.7(y).1(pically)91.8(, rights to use this material for br)18(oadcast ar)18(e)]TJ T* .2286 Tw [(granted for a finite period, and when the br)18(oadcast rights)]TJ T* .1261 Tw [(expir)18(e, the system no longer has an inter)18(est in the pr)18(ogram.)]TJ T* .0001 Tc .0034 Tw [(Specific authorization to pr)18.2(eserve public television pr)18.2(ograms or)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc .0892 Tw [(make them accessible at the end of the br)18(oadcast window is)]TJ T* .0165 Tw [(largely absent, and r)18(e)-.1(newing rights agr)18(eements to permit new)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(uses \(like on-line viewing\) can be tr)18(emendously costly)91.8(. )]TJ 0 -2.835 TD .0542 Tw [(This is a pr)18(oblem that exists acr)18(oss television ar)18(chives and col-)]TJ 0 -1.4175 TD 0 Tw (lections. )Tj /F12 1 Tf 3.8545 0 TD .0776 Tw [(Intellectual Property and Copyright Issues Relating to)]TJ -3.8545 -1.4175 TD .3848 Tw [(the Preser)-17.7(vation and Future Accessibility of Digital Public)]TJ T* -.0396 Tw [(T)91.7(e)-.1(levision Programs)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 8.4942 0 TD [(outlines the pr)18(oblem in-depth and pr)18(esents)]TJ -8.4942 -1.4175 TD .0874 Tw [(a number of case studies to illustrate the issues.)]TJ 4.75 0 0 4.75 563.6881 610.2532 Tm 0 Tw (10)Tj 9.5 0 0 9.5 572.4393 606.9095 Tm .0874 Tw (Not having)Tj -21.9509 -1.4175 TD .1633 Tw [(clear permission to r)18(e)-.1(use older pr)18(ograms is a primary factor)]TJ T* .0881 Tw [(that discourages public television fr)18(om making an investment)]TJ T* -.0073 Tw [(in long-term pr)18(ogram pr)18(eservation. Until rights agr)18(eements ar)18(e)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(impr)18(oved, ar)18(chival content will r)18(e)-.1(main largely inaccessible. )]TJ /F9 1 Tf 0 -2.9094 TD -.0002 Tc (Assessing Operating Costs)Tj /F13 1 Tf 0 -2.0143 TD -.0001 Tc .2444 Tw [(As existing digital r)18(e)-.1(positories matur)18(e)-.1(, operating conditions)]TJ 0 -1.4175 TD .1111 Tw [(and issues ar)18(e being documented by such institutions as The)]TJ T* .2288 Tw [(National Science Foundation, which commissioned the )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 24.8716 0 TD 0 Tw (Blue)Tj -24.8716 -1.4175 TD .3177 Tw [(Ribbon T)91.7(a)-.1(sk Force on Sustainable Digital Preser)-17.7(vation and)]TJ T* 0 Tw (Access)Tj /F13 1 Tf 3.2445 0 TD .1341 Tw [(jointly with a number of other organizations in 2007)]TJ -3.2445 -1.4175 TD .2207 Tw [(specifically to study economic models for maintaining large)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(and diverse database r)18(e)-.1(positories.)]TJ 4.75 0 0 4.75 501.2112 428.8132 Tm 0 Tw (11)Tj 9.5 0 0 9.5 363.9055 398.5365 Tm .1523 Tw [(Instead of being seen as unaf)18(f).1(or)18(dable, the costs to pr)18(eserve)]TJ T* .1792 Tw [(digital public television had to be pr)18(esented as feasible and)]TJ T* .1721 Tw [(manageable. Our r)18(e)-.1(port )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 11.053 0 TD [(Operating and Sustaining a T)91.7(r).1(usted)]TJ -11.053 -1.4175 TD .0404 Tw [(Digital Repositor)-17.7(y for Public T)91.7(e)-.1(levision)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 16.5139 0 TD [(discusses potential ben-)]TJ -16.5139 -1.4175 TD .0147 Tw [(efits of digital pr)18(eservation and br)18(eaks down the technical and)]TJ T* .232 Tw [(organizational expenses necessary to maintain a r)18(easonable)]TJ T* .0374 Tw [(scale of r)18(e)-.1(pository operations.)]TJ 4.75 0 0 4.75 486.1717 321.0815 Tm 0 Tw (12)Tj 9.5 0 0 9.5 494.4487 317.7378 Tm .0374 Tw [(It also outlines ways that pub-)]TJ -13.7414 -1.4175 TD .1764 Tw [(lic television might be able support a pr)18(eservation pr)18(ogram,)]TJ T* .4127 Tw [(based on existing income sour)18(ces and operating models)]TJ T* -.0158 Tw [(alr)18(eady familiar to the public br)18(oadcasting system. The intent is)]TJ T* -.0003 Tc -.0016 Tw [(to demonstrate that with shar)17.8(e)-.3(d r)17.8(e)-.3(sour)17.8(ces and commitment, a)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc .0277 Tw [(r)18(e)-.1(pository can be sustained. )]TJ ET /GS2 gs q 1 0 0 1 363.905 206.348 cm 0 0 m 253.701 0 l S Q /GS3 gs BT /F8 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 456.1652 208.5926 Tm .0306 Tw [(Pr)17.9(omoting System-wide Support)]TJ /F13 1 Tf -9.7115 -2.9094 TD -.0056 Tc 0 Tw (Since )Tj /F9 1 Tf 2.5055 0 TD -.0057 Tc .0393 Tw [(Preserving Digital Public T)73.9(elevision)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 16.545 0 TD .0394 Tw [(began, br)17.9(oadcast-)]TJ -19.0505 -1.4175 TD .1085 Tw [(ing has shed its analog systems and moved completely into a)]TJ T* -.0056 Tc .099 Tw [(digital universe. Because the pr)18(oject has been successful tying)]TJ T* -.0057 Tc -.0215 Tw [(the concept of digital pr)17.9(eservation to ef)17.9(fective r)17.9(euse of pr)17.9(ogram)]TJ T* .3151 Tw [(content acr)17.9(oss viewing platforms, pr)17.9(eservation has became)]TJ T* .1244 Tw [(highly r)17.9(elevant to stations -- not an optional add-on cost,)]TJ T* .0278 Tw [(but a r)17.9(e)-.1(quir)17.9(e)-.1(ment for any futur)17.9(e)-.1( use of the materials. )]TJ ET .3 w /GS2 gs q 1 0 0 1 59.182 439.023 cm 0 0 m 0 -354.33 l S Q /Cs10 cs .81 1 .63 scn 49.26 442.32 14.173 14.173 re f BT /F10 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 51.8992 446.69 Tm /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn -.0001 Tc 0 Tw (30)Tj ET /GS3 gs BT /F3 1 Tf 0 8 -8 0 55.1738 225.0144 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn .0999 Tc .0251 Tw [(I)12(nternational P)29.9(r)9.9(eser)-17.7(v)5.9(a).1(tion N)29.7(e)-6(ws )-225( )-225( )-225( )-225(N)29.7(o)15.9(. 47 M)12(a).1(y 2009)]TJ ET endstream endobj 217 0 obj << /ExtGState << /GS2 290 0 R /GS3 315 0 R >> /Font << /F12 294 0 R /F13 295 0 R /F9 303 0 R /F3 299 0 R /F10 296 0 R /F8 305 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs8 291 0 R /Cs11 317 0 R /Cs10 293 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 218 0 obj << /Length 8436 >> stream /GS3 gs BT /F13 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 84.6932 814.5757 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn -.0001 Tc -.0057 Tw [(Thus the pr)18(oject has been instrumental in transforming an atti-)]TJ 0 -1.3684 TD .1751 Tw [(tude of indif)18(fer)18(e)-.1(nce to one that acknowledges the value of)]TJ T* .289 Tw [(pr)18(operly managing our collective ar)18(chival holdings. As evi-)]TJ T* -.0213 Tw [(dence, CPB allocated funding for the very first time to pilot The)]TJ T* -.0002 Tc -.0016 Tw [(American Ar)17.9(chive, a national pr)17.9(eservation ef)17.9(fort for U.S. public)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc .0277 Tw (radio and television. )Tj 0 -2.7368 TD .0887 Tw [(Even so, despite the support fr)18(om CPB, digital pr)18(eservation is)]TJ 0 -1.3684 TD .0195 Tw [(still not accepted system-wide as an important national invest-)]TJ T* .1687 Tw [(ment. V)-5.8(i)0(ewers keep r)18(e)-.1(minding us that public television pr)18(o-)]TJ T* -.0059 Tw [(gramming is pr)18(ecious and has made an indelible imprint. What)]TJ T* .1275 Tw [(r)18(e)-.1(mains is to continue building commitment and enthusiasm)]TJ T* .1583 Tw [(acr)18(oss the entir)18(e)-.1( system. The critical r)18(e)-.1(sponsibility for saving)]TJ T* .0869 Tw [(the legacy of American public television must be shar)18(e)-.1(d, sus-)]TJ T* .1627 Tw [(tained and nurtur)18(e)-.1(d over time so our pr)18(ograms will indeed,)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(have a life after br)18(oadcast.)]TJ /F12 1 Tf 0 -2.7368 TD .0144 Tw [(Special thanks to the )]TJ /F13 1 Tf 9.2236 0 TD [(Pr)18(eserving Digital Public T)110.7(e)-.1(levision)]TJ /F12 1 Tf 14.7039 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (NDIIPP )Tj -23.9275 -1.3684 TD -.0001 Tc .2047 Tw [(T)91.7(eam for their assistance in preparing this article, especially )]TJ T* .3732 Tw [(Dr)91.9(. Howard Besser)91.9(,).1( Professor and Director Moving Image)]TJ T* .3527 Tw [(Archive & Preser)-17.7(vation Program, NYU; Kara van Malssen,)]TJ T* .2558 Tw [(Senior Research Scholar)91.9(,).1( NYU; Y)48.9(v).1(onne Ng, Junior Research)]TJ T* .2204 Tw [(Scholar)91.9(,).1( NYU; Karen Cariani, Director)91.9(,).1( WGBH Media Librar)-17.7(y)]TJ T* .0221 Tc .8884 Tw [(and Archives; Bea Morse, Director)91.9(,)0( Business and)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc .3995 Tw [(Communications, PBS Interconnection Replacement Ofce;)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(and Jeff Ubois, Archival TV)110.9(. )]TJ /F10 1 Tf 29.3908 34.2105 TD -.0002 Tc 0 Tw (Contact:)Tj /F13 1 Tf 0 -1.3684 TD -.0001 Tc .0277 Tw [(Nan Rubin)]TJ T* 0 Tw [(Thirteen/WNET)128.8(-TV)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(450 W)74(.).1( 33)]TJ 4.75 0 0 4.75 407.0213 778.9194 Tm -.0181 Tc 0 Tw (rd)Tj 9.5 0 0 9.5 414.0612 775.5757 Tm 0 Tc (St)Tj -5.2795 -1.3684 TD -.0001 Tc .0277 Tw [(New Y)91.9(o)0(rk, NY 10001)]TJ T* 0 Tw (212-560-2925)Tj T* (RubinN@thirteen.org)Tj T* [(www)55(.Ptvdigitalar)18(chive.org)]TJ /F10 1 Tf 0 -2.8603 TD -.0002 Tc .0278 Tw (Biographical Information)Tj /F13 1 Tf 0 -1.9652 TD -.0001 Tc .1878 Tw [(Nan Rubin has mor)18(e)-.1( than thirty years experience managing)]TJ 0 -1.3684 TD .0583 Tw [(technology and facilities pr)18(ojects in public br)18(oadcasting in the)]TJ T* .2967 Tw [(United States. She has worked at public television station)]TJ T* .1177 Tw [(Thirteen/WNET)128.8(-TV in New Y)91.9(o)0(rk City on such major ef)18(forts as)]TJ T* -.018 Tw [(r)18(e)-.1(storing the station)110.9(s br)18(oadcast signals after the destruction of)]TJ T* .0284 Tw [(the W)17.9(o)0(rld T)91.7(r).1(ade Center)91.9(,).1( and she planned and coor)18(dinated the)]TJ T* -.0205 Tw [(cr)18(eation of Thirteen)110.9(s)0( T)110.7(a)-.1(pe Ar)18(chive to pr)18(eserve both analog and)]TJ T* .0001 Tc .0018 Tw [(digital pr)18.2(ogram assets. Since 2003, Ms. Rubin has been Pr)18.2(oject)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc .1209 Tw [(Dir)18(e)-.1(ctor of Pr)18(eserving Digital Public T)110.7(e)-.1(levision, funded by the)]TJ T* .0221 Tc .4616 Tw [(Library of Congr)17.9(ess)110.9(s National Digital Information and)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc .1212 Tw [(Infrastructur)18(e)-.1( Pr)18(eservation Pr)18(ogram \(NDIIPP\), wher)18(e she over-)]TJ T* .0772 Tw [(sees a team of 20 based at WNET)110.7(, WGBH TV in Boston, the)]TJ T* .0396 Tw [(Public Br)18(oadcasting Service, and New Y)91.9(o)0(rk University)91.8(,).1( who ar)18(e)]TJ T* .0006 Tw [(building a model pr)18(eservation r)18(e)-.1(pository for bor)-17.7(n-digital public)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(television pr)18(oductions.)]TJ ET /Cs10 CS .81 1 .63 SCN 0 J 0 j .3 w 10 M []0 d /GS2 gs 1 i q 1 0 0 1 648.262 439.024 cm 0 0 m 0 -354.331 l S Q /Cs10 cs .81 1 .63 scn 638.34 442.32 14.173 14.173 re f BT /F10 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 640.9795 446.69 Tm /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn 0 Tw (31)Tj ET /GS3 gs BT /F3 1 Tf 0 8 -8 0 644.267 224.3467 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn .0999 Tc .0251 Tw [(I)12(nternational P)29.9(r)9.9(eser)-17.7(v)5.9(a).1(tion N)29.7(e)-6(ws )-225( )-225( )-225( )-225(N)29.7(o)15.9(. 47 M)12(a).1(y 2009 )]TJ ET .5 w /GS2 gs 84.943 390.858 532.413 -290.915 re 644.267 442.067 m S BT /F10 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 321.5044 367.483 Tm /Cs10 cs .81 1 .63 scn -.0001 Tc 0 Tw (Footnotes)Tj /F9 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 378.1558 367.483 Tm 0 Tc (:)Tj ET /GS3 gs BT /F10 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 91.1932 348.8136 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn -.0001 Tc (1.)Tj /F13 1 Tf 1.1393 0 TD [(http://www)55(.ptvdigitalar)18(chive.org)]TJ /F10 1 Tf -1.1393 -1.3684 TD -.0112 Tc (2.)Tj /F13 1 Tf 1.1053 0 TD .0692 Tw [(Ken Thibodeau, Pr)18(e)-.1(serving Recor)18(ds, Saving Appearances: Perspectives on Digital Pr)18(eservation, )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 40.8037 0 TD [(Preser)-17.7(ving authentic electronic)]TJ -40.8037 -1.3684 TD -.0001 Tc .0332 Tw [(records: preliminar)-17.7(y).1( research findings)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 16.0021 0 TD [(; Pr)18(oceedings fr)18(om an Inter)-17.7(national Symposium, February 17, 2001, University of British)]TJ -16.0021 -1.3684 TD .0277 Tw [(Columbia, edited by Luigi Sar)-17.7(no, V)55(a)-.1(ncouver)91.9(, Canada, August 2001.)]TJ /F10 1 Tf -1.1053 -1.3684 TD 0 Tw (3.)Tj /F13 1 Tf 1.1316 0 TD .0277 Tw [(Accessed 23 Mar)18(c).1(h 2009 at http://www)55(.crl.edu/content. )]TJ 24.1765 0 TD 0 Tw (asp?l1=13&l2=58&l3=162&l4=91.)Tj /F10 1 Tf -25.3081 -1.3684 TD (4.)Tj /F13 1 Tf 1.1316 0 TD .0496 Tw [(Ther)18(e ar)18(e other publications and pr)18(ojects that outline criteria for r)18(e)-.1(pository trustworthiness, such as the German )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 48.7137 0 TD [(Network of)]TJ -48.7137 -1.3684 TD .0809 Tw [(Expertise in Long-T)91.7(e)-.1(rm Storage of Digital Resources)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 22.6931 0 TD [(\(nestor\) pr)18(oject and the Digital Repository Audit Method Based on Risk)]TJ -22.6931 -1.3684 TD .0277 Tw (Assessment \(DRAMBORA\) toolkit.)Tj /F10 1 Tf -1.1316 -1.3684 TD 0 Tw (5.)Tj /F13 1 Tf 1.1316 0 TD .0277 Tw [(\(ISO 14721:2003\). Open ar)18(chival information system: Refer)18(e)-.1(nce model; Accessed 23 Mar)18(c).1(h 2009 at)]TJ 0 -1.3684 TD 0 Tw [(http://www)55(.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=24683.)]TJ /F10 1 Tf -1.1316 -1.3684 TD (6.)Tj /F13 1 Tf 1.1316 0 TD .0277 Tw [(See r)18(e)-.1(port )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 4.7035 0 TD [(Repositor)-17.7(y Design for Preser)-17.7(ving Digital Public T)91.7(e)-.1(levision)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 24.3014 0 TD [(at http//www)55(.ptvdigitalar)18(chive.org.)]TJ /F10 1 Tf -30.1365 -1.3684 TD 0 Tw (7.)Tj /F13 1 Tf 1.1316 0 TD -.0002 Tc [(http://www)54.9(.pbcor)17.9(e.org/)]TJ /F10 1 Tf -1.1316 -1.3684 TD -.0001 Tc (8.)Tj /F13 1 Tf 1.1316 0 TD 0 Tc (See )Tj /F12 1 Tf 1.8056 0 TD -.0001 Tc .0277 Tw [(Report on the Concepts and Implementation of Preser)-17.7(vation-Compliant Digital Production W)29.8(o)0(rkflow)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 43.2873 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (at)Tj -45.0929 -1.3684 TD -.0001 Tc [(http//:www)55(.ptvdigitalar)18(chive.org.)]TJ /F10 1 Tf -1.1316 -1.3684 TD (9.)Tj /F13 1 Tf 1.1316 0 TD [(http://www)55(.aafassociation.org/html/pr)18(ojects.html )]TJ /F10 1 Tf -1.1316 -1.3684 TD (10.)Tj /F13 1 Tf 1.6842 0 TD 0 Tc (See )Tj /F12 1 Tf 1.7963 0 TD -.0001 Tc .0184 Tw [(Intellectual Property and Copyright Issues Relating to the Preser)-17.7(vation and Future Accessibility of Digital Public T)91.7(e)-.1(levision)]TJ -1.7963 -1.3684 TD 0 Tw (Programs)Tj /F13 1 Tf 4.3046 0 TD .0277 Tw [(at http://www)55(.ptvdigitalar)18(chive.org.)]TJ /F10 1 Tf -5.9888 -1.3684 TD 0 Tw (11.)Tj /F13 1 Tf 1.6842 0 TD (http://brtf.sdsc.edu/)Tj /F10 1 Tf -1.6842 -1.3684 TD (12.)Tj /F13 1 Tf 1.6842 0 TD 0 Tc (See )Tj /F12 1 Tf 1.8056 0 TD -.0001 Tc .0277 Tw [(Operating and Sustaining a T)91.7(r).1(usted Digital Repositor)-17.7(y for Public T)91.7(e)-.1(levision)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 31.8313 0 TD [(at http:// www)55(.ptvdigitalar)18(chive.org.)]TJ ET endstream endobj 219 0 obj << /ExtGState << /GS2 290 0 R /GS3 315 0 R >> /Font << /F10 296 0 R /F12 294 0 R /F3 299 0 R /F9 303 0 R /F13 295 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs8 291 0 R /Cs11 317 0 R /Cs10 293 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 220 0 obj << /Length 10020 >> stream /Cs10 CS .81 1 .63 SCN 0 J 0 j .5 w 10 M []0 d /GS2 gs 1 i q 1 0 0 1 84.693 669.998 cm 0 0 m 253.701 0 l S Q /GS3 gs BT /F8 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 276.7712 672.2424 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn 0 Tc 0 Tw [(Intr)18(oduction)]TJ /F13 1 Tf -20.2188 -2.6498 TD -.0001 Tc .0988 Tw [(The technological boom of the mid 20)]TJ 4.75 0 0 4.75 246.0251 650.413 Tm -.0002 Tc 0 Tw (th)Tj 9.5 0 0 9.5 253.8253 647.0692 Tm -.0001 Tc .0988 Tw [(Century has inspir)18(ed)]TJ -17.8034 -1.1579 TD -.0298 Tw [(many artists who have been employing and adopting constant-)]TJ T* .1805 Tw [(ly evolving technology into their cr)18(eative pr)18(ocess, pr)18(oducing)]TJ T* -.0003 Tc -.0013 Tw (what is now generally called new media art. On one hand, this)Tj T* -.0001 Tc .1919 Tw [(new art discipline may attract new audiences which ar)18(e no)]TJ T* -.0406 Tw [(longer addr)18(essed by static art forms like paintings or sculptur)18(es.)]TJ T* .0767 Tw [(At the same time exhibiting and pr)18(eserving technology based)]TJ T* .013 Tw [(art may easily become a nightmar)18(e)-.1( for museums, galleries and)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(ar)18(chives [1].)]TJ T* -.0283 Tw [(Our work has been inspir)18(ed by parallel ef)18(forts carried out in the)]TJ T* .3057 Tw [(pr)18(ojects Ar)18(c).1(hiving the A)17.7(v).1(ant-Gar)18(de [2], V)55(ariable Media)]TJ T* .1603 Tw [(Network [3], Forging the Futur)18(e)-.1( [4] and by the DOCAM)]TJ T* .2061 Tw [(alliance [5]. The major aim of these ef)18(forts is to document)]TJ T* -.0002 Tc -.001 Tw (media art installations \(art piece that usually do not involve live)Tj T* -.0001 Tc .0128 Tw [(actors and can be exhibited in a museum or gallery in a similar)]TJ T* .178 Tw [(way as a painting or sculptur)18(e\). In contrast, we focused on)]TJ T* .2072 Tw [(media art performances that usually involve live actors \(like)]TJ T* .1549 Tw [(dancers\), ar)18(e performed within a certain period of time and)]TJ T* .0143 Tw [(take place in a theatr)18(e)-.1( or a similar place that enables the audi-)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(ence to watch \(and possibly interact with\) the event.)]TJ ET /GS2 gs q 1 0 0 1 84.693 394.478 cm 0 0 m 253.701 0 l S Q /GS3 gs BT /F8 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 251.0653 396.7227 Tm .0306 Tw [(CASP)74(AR appr)17.9(oach)]TJ /F13 1 Tf -17.5129 -2.6498 TD .1148 Tw [(Most of our work has been completed under the support of)]TJ 0 -1.1579 TD -.0205 Tw [(the EC co-funded pr)18(oject CASP)73.9(AR [6], which attempted to pr)18(o-)]TJ T* .0431 Tw [(vide answers to the crucial question: How can digital data still)]TJ T* -.0004 Tc -.0039 Tw [(be used and understood in the futur)17.7(e)-.4( when systems, softwar)17.7(e)-.4(,)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc .2859 Tw [(and everyday knowledge continue to change? The pr)18(oject)]TJ T* .3343 Tw [(focuses on long-term pr)18(eservation of cultural, artistic and )]TJ T* .0771 Tw [(scientific knowledge in its digital form, wher)18(e long-term gen-)]TJ T* .3588 Tw [(erally means long enough for har)18(d)0(war)18(e)-.1( and softwar)18(e)-.1( to)]TJ T* .0434 Tw [(become obsolete. The pr)18(oject came up with a loosely coupled)]TJ T* .1009 Tw [(component infrastructur)18(e)-.1( based on OAIS r)18(e)-.1(fer)18(e)-.1(nce model [7])]TJ T* -.0243 Tw [(that has been constantly tested and validated by thr)18(ee testbeds)]TJ T* .0856 Tw [(for each domain: cultural, artistic and scientific. In the artistic)]TJ T* .1463 Tw [(testbed, a substantial part was conducted by the IRCAM [8])]TJ T* .0646 Tw [(focusing primarily on the pr)18(eservation of musical performanc-)]TJ T* .0226 Tw [(es based on MAX-MSP tool. Since our CIANT organization has)]TJ T* .0451 Tw [(been active in the domain of new media art for ten years and)]TJ T* 0 Tc .4166 Tw [(has pr)18(oduced several new media performances including)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc -.007 Tw [(ETUDE [9], V)129(.).1(I.R.U.S. [10] and GOLEM [11], our r)18(ole in the pr)18(oj-)]TJ T* .132 Tw [(ect, together with ICSRiM [12] at University of Leeds was to)]TJ T* .0403 Tw [(complement the artistic testbed with other new media includ-)]TJ T* .0244 Tw [(ing video, computer generated graphics, motion captur)18(e tech-)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(nology)91.8(, advanced lighting systems, etc.)]TJ T* .019 Tw [(Claiming that we ar)18(e able to digitally pr)18(eserve new media per-)]TJ T* .0479 Tw [(formance r)18(e)-.1(quir)18(es pr)18(oof. All the partners involved in the artis-)]TJ T* -.0052 Tw [(tic testbed agr)18(eed on a validation, which can be described very)]TJ T* .0477 Tw [(easily)91.8(, though not easily achieved. The ultimate pr)18(oof that the)]TJ T* -.0064 Tw [(pr)18(eserved information can be understood is simply the capabil-)]TJ 29.3908 61.8204 TD .0463 Tw [(ity of its futur)18(e)-.1( consumers to r)18(e)-.1(-perform the original perform-)]TJ 0 -1.1604 TD .1504 Tw [(ance based only on the information pr)18(ovided by the ar)18(chive)]TJ T* .0705 Tw [(and the knowledge the consumers possess at the time of the)]TJ T* 0 Tw [(r)18(e)-.1(trieval.)]TJ T* .0348 Tw [(Achieving this pr)18(oof of long-term digital pr)18(eservation depends)]TJ T* .0001 Tc .0021 Tw [(on two basic pr)18.2(emises. First, the information to be pr)18.2(eserved is)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc .1189 Tw [(in the digital form. Second, we ar)18(e able to formulate pr)18(oper)]TJ T* -.0054 Tw [(r)18(e)-.1(pr)18(esentation information, which accompanies the raw digital)]TJ T* .0521 Tw [(data and is used to interpr)18(et it to pr)18(oduce information under-)]TJ T* .122 Tw [(standable to its consumers. These r)18(e)-.1(quir)18(ements look natural,)]TJ T* .0358 Tw [(though they ar)18(e not easily met in the artistic domain, which is)]TJ T* .0431 Tw [(in contrast to the scientific domain not based on formal nota-)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(tions and standar)18(ds.)]TJ /F9 1 Tf 0 -3.5475 TD -.0002 Tc (Scientific testbed)Tj /F13 1 Tf 0 -2.354 TD -.0001 Tc .2492 Tw [(Since CASP)73.9(AR was expected to deliver unified pr)18(eservation)]TJ 0 -1.1604 TD .0416 Tw [(answers for dif)18(fer)18(e)-.1(nt ar)18(eas of human cr)18(eativity)91.8(,).1( we decided to)]TJ T* .0933 Tw [(sear)18(ch for inspiration in the other two testbeds, the scientific)]TJ T* -.0069 Tw [(and cultural one. One of the two scientific testbeds is conduct-)]TJ T* .1168 Tw [(ed by ESRIN, the ESA Centr)18(e for Earth Observation [13]. The)]TJ T* .0354 Tw [(main subject of the pr)18(eservation is earth observation missions,)]TJ T* .3405 Tw [(particularly the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment. The)]TJ T* .0162 Tw [(observation instrument \(ERS-2\) measur)18(es the global ozone dis-)]TJ T* .028 Tw [(tributions and pr)18(oduces raw data \(Level-0\). T)110.7(o)0( obtain end-user)]TJ T* -.0365 Tw [(pr)18(oduct in the form of GIF images \(Level-4\), some data pr)18(ocess-)]TJ T* .0538 Tw [(ing thr)18(ough intermediate levels has to be done. However)91.9(,).1( it is)]TJ T* .212 Tw [(not only the end-user pr)18(oduct that is being pr)18(eserved. The )]TJ T* .0828 Tw [(scientists hope that the futur)18(e)-.1( will bring much mor)18(e)-.1( sophisti-)]TJ T* .1004 Tw [(cated analytic methods. For this r)18(eason, the raw data and all)]TJ T* .0516 Tw [(the intermediary levels ar)18(e being pr)18(eserved too, together with)]TJ T* .1644 Tw [(the documentation of the observation instrument, workflow)]TJ T* 0 Tc .0022 Tw [(and algorithms necessary to pr)18.1(ocess the data fr)18.1(om one level to)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc .0128 Tw [(another)91.9(.).1( The r)18(e)-.1(sult is a complex ar)18(chival package that contains)]TJ T* .1879 Tw [(all the essential knowledge enabling the futur)18(e)-.1( scientists to)]TJ T* .0633 Tw [(understand each level of data and ideally not only to r)18(e)-.1(cr)18(eate)]TJ T* -.035 Tw [(the pr)18(ocessing fr)18(om the raw data to the original end-user pr)18(od-)]TJ T* .0699 Tw [(uct, but enhance the pr)18(ocessing and the end-user pr)18(oduct by)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(utilising the futur)18(e)-.1( technology and algorithms.)]TJ /F9 1 Tf 0 -3.5475 TD [(Cultural testbed)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 0 -2.3539 TD .2268 Tw [(The main subject of the cultural testbed conducted by the)]TJ 0 -1.1604 TD .0744 Tw [(UNESCO [14] is pr)18(eservation of documentation of the sites at)]TJ T* .0217 Tw [(the W)17.9(o)0(rld Heritage List. Significant part of this documentation)]TJ T* .0766 Tw [(comprises of 3D r)18(e)-.1(constructions and photographs of the par-)]TJ T* .0248 Tw [(ticular site. The 3D r)18(e)-.1(construction pr)18(ocess is very similar to the)]TJ T* .1611 Tw [(pr)18(ocess described in the scientific testbed: the object of the)]TJ T* -.0003 Tc -.0039 Tw [(r)17.8(e)-.3(construction is scanned \(by laser or cameras\) which pr)17.8(oduces)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc .1567 Tw [(the raw data. This data is further pr)18(ocessed thr)18(ough several)]TJ T* .1648 Tw [(intermediary levels \(3D point cloud, polygons\) until the final)]TJ T* .179 Tw [(end-user pr)18(oduct \(3D model in VRML [15]\) is achieved. The)]TJ ET .3 w /GS2 gs q 1 0 0 1 59.182 439.023 cm 0 0 m 0 -354.33 l S Q /Cs10 cs .81 1 .63 scn 49.26 442.32 14.173 14.173 re f BT /F10 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 51.8992 446.69 Tm /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn 0 Tw (32)Tj ET /GS3 gs BT /F3 1 Tf 0 8 -8 0 55.1738 225.0144 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn .0999 Tc .0251 Tw [(I)12(nternational P)29.9(r)9.9(eser)-17.7(v)5.9(a).1(tion N)29.7(e)-6(ws )-225( )-225( )-225( )-225(N)29.7(o)15.9(. 47 M)12(a).1(y 2009)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 20 0 0 20 102.4391 807.2964 Tm -.0001 Tc .0258 Tw [(Long-ter)15.9(m)0( digital pr)19.8(eser)-17.8(v)6(a)0(tion of a new media per)-7.8(f).1(or)15.9(mance: )]TJ 4.8294 -1.2 TD [("C)11.9(an w)5.9(e)0( r)19.8(e-per)-7.8(for)15.9(m)0( it in 100 y)35.8(ears?")]TJ /F10 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 93.1968 744.2966 Tm -.0002 Tc .0278 Tw [(by MSc V)-10(iliam imko, MSc Michal Ma, )]TJ /F13 1 Tf 0 -1.3636 TD -.0001 Tc [(CIANT Inter)-17.7(national Centr)18(e for Art and New T)110.7(e)-.1(chnologies, Prague, Czech Republic)]TJ T* 0 Tw (and )Tj /F10 1 Tf 1.9174 0 TD .0277 Tw [(Dr David Giar)17.8(etta, )]TJ /F13 1 Tf 8.8443 0 TD [(STFC, Rutherfor)18(d)0( Appleton Laboratory)91.8(,).1( Oxfor)18(dshir)18(e, UK)]TJ ET 3 w /GS2 gs q 1 0 0 1 86.193 753.802 cm 0 0 m 0 -40.348 l S Q endstream endobj 221 0 obj << /ExtGState << /GS2 290 0 R /GS3 315 0 R >> /Font << /F13 295 0 R /F6 302 0 R /F9 303 0 R /F3 299 0 R /F10 296 0 R /F8 305 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs8 291 0 R /Cs11 317 0 R /Cs10 293 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 222 0 obj << /Length 9233 >> stream /GS3 gs BT /F13 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 84.6932 814.5757 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn -.0001 Tc .1568 Tw [(motivation to pr)18(eserve again not only the final pr)18(oduct, but)]TJ 0 -1.1579 TD .1238 Tw [(also the raw data together with the pr)18(ocessing algorithms is)]TJ T* .0513 Tw [(clear: when much mor)18(e)-.1( ef)18(ficient har)18(d)0(war)18(e)-.1( and softwar)18(e)-.1( tools)]TJ T* .1131 Tw [(ar)18(e available in the futur)18(e)-.1(, it will be possible to make higher)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(quality 3D r)18(e)-.1(constructions.)]TJ /F9 1 Tf 0 -2.8603 TD (Artistic testbed)Tj /F13 1 Tf 0 -1.7547 TD .1463 Tw [(An obvious and dir)18(ect analogy can be then drawn fr)18(om the )]TJ 0 -1.1579 TD -.0002 Tc -.001 Tw (scientific and cultural testbeds to the artistic domain: the natu-)Tj T* -.0001 Tc -.0388 Tw [(ral phenomenon we want to document is the performance; the)]TJ T* .0994 Tw [(instruments used to observe/scan/r)18(e)-.1(cor)18(d)0( the performance ar)18(e)]TJ T* -.0245 Tw [(micr)18(ophones \(audio\) and video cameras \(video\); the raw data is)]TJ T* .1315 Tw [(the footage and the end-user pr)18(oduct is the final cut of the)]TJ T* -.0406 Tw [(performance on a DVD. The pr)18(ocessing in this case is r)18(e)-.1(pr)18(esent-)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(ed by the editing tool and its pr)18(oject file.)]TJ T* .0319 Tw [(Even if this analogy is clear)91.9(, ar)18(chival package composed of the)]TJ T* .0134 Tw [(original footage, pr)18(oject file and final DVD pr)18(ovides only a lim-)]TJ T* .1656 Tw [(ited sour)18(ce for the futur)18(e)-.1( artists to r)18(e)-.1(-perform the perform-)]TJ T* -.0253 Tw [(ance. The performance is actually a r)18(e)-.1(sult of a complex pr)18(oduc-)]TJ T* .1166 Tw [(tion and cr)18(eative pr)18(ocess originating fr)18(om an abstract artistic)]TJ T* .2157 Tw [(idea. Thus, we have to shift our analogy a bit further and)]TJ T* .0541 Tw [(accept the fact that the end-user pr)18(oduct is not the r)18(e)-.1(cor)18(ding)]TJ T* [(of the performance on DVD, but the performance itself. Then)]TJ T* .1275 Tw [(the pr)18(ocessing would be the r)18(ealisation pr)18(ocess and the raw)]TJ T* -.0004 Tc -.003 Tw [(data would be the abstract artistic idea \(work in terms of IFLA)85.5()110.6(s)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc .0277 Tw (FRBR [16]\).)Tj T* .1097 Tw [(W)17.9(e)-.1( ar)18(e, however)91.9(, still far fr)18(om being able to r)18(ead the artist)110.9(s)]TJ T* -.0187 Tw [(thoughts. Thus we have to step down one level and r)18(e)-.1(ly on the)]TJ T* -.0006 Tc -.0042 Tw (fact that the artist is able to convey his or her artistic idea in an)Tj T* -.0001 Tc .0282 Tw [(understandable form to the performers and other people r)18(eal-)]TJ T* -.0413 Tw [(ising the performance. This information can be then consider)18(e)-.1(d)]TJ T* -.0179 Tw [(r)18(ealistic raw data in our analogy)91.8(. In the classical performing art,)]TJ T* -.0203 Tw [(ther)18(e ar)18(e several r)18(e)-.1(gularly used notations designed for this pur-)]TJ T* 0 Tw (pose.)Tj 4.75 0 0 4.75 106.3394 444.0769 Tm 0 Tc (1)Tj 9.5 0 0 9.5 84.6932 429.7332 Tm -.0001 Tc .1098 Tw [(Even though this raw data is of crucial importance for docu-)]TJ T* -.0052 Tw [(mentation, pr)18(eservation and eventual r)18(e)-.1(-performance, in many)]TJ T* .1263 Tw [(cases the author may pr)18(oduce his or her idea alone and the)]TJ T* .1095 Tw [(only thing that can be documented is the final performance.)]TJ T* .1858 Tw [(Similar situations arise when the author gives informal \(e.g.)]TJ T* .1024 Tw [(oral\) instructions that ar)18(e never captur)18(ed. It is obvious that if)]TJ T* .0131 Tw [(some information that was important for the r)18(ealisation of the)]TJ T* .104 Tw [(performance is missing, the r)18(e)-.1(-performance based on incom-)]TJ T* -.0389 Tw [(plete documentation may neglect some important featur)18(es and)]TJ T* .0144 Tw [(in the worst case it may not be possible to r)18(e)-.1(-perform the per-)]TJ T* .0006 Tw [(formance at all. T)110.7(o)0( r)18(e)-.1(solve the danger of incompleteness, artis-)]TJ T* -.0125 Tw [(tic partners in the CASP)73.9(AR pr)18(oject believe that the most appr)18(o-)]TJ T* .2821 Tw [(priate solution is to apply and extend Sheer curation [17])]TJ T* .0455 Tw [(appr)18(oach that ensur)18(es that as much information as possible is)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(captur)18(ed dir)18(ectly during the r)18(ealisation of the performance.)]TJ ET /Cs10 CS .81 1 .63 SCN 0 J 0 j .5 w 10 M []0 d /GS2 gs 1 i q 1 0 0 1 84.693 232.142 cm 0 0 m 253.701 0 l S Q /GS3 gs BT /F8 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 166.729 234.3868 Tm .0306 Tw [(Multimedia performance ontology)]TJ /F13 1 Tf -8.6353 -2.6498 TD -.0216 Tw [(The second part of the article explains how we model and visu-)]TJ 0 -1.1579 TD -.0118 Tw [(alise the r)18(ealisation of the performance including the raw data,)]TJ T* .072 Tw [(pr)18(ocessing, intermediary data and the end-user pr)18(oduct the)]TJ T* .1443 Tw [(new media performance itself. A new media performance is)]TJ T* .2681 Tw [(composed of the classical performing art elements \(dance,)]TJ T* .2227 Tw [(music, theatr)18(e)-.1(\) enriched with new media elements such as)]TJ T* .1146 Tw [(speakers, micr)18(ophones, lasers, light sensors, video pr)18(ojectors,)]TJ T* -.0367 Tw [(mixing boar)18(ds, computers, script and pr)18(ograms, audio samples,)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(video loops, 3D models and mor)18(e)-.1(...)]TJ 29.3908 72.9855 TD .0743 Tw [(Fr)18(om the pr)18(eservation point of view)55(, the data-pr)18(oduction and)]TJ 0 -1.1579 TD .0904 Tw [(data-transformation pr)18(ocesses ar)18(e the most inter)18(esting pieces)]TJ T* .0169 Tw [(of a performance. The fact that the pr)18(ocesses depend on each)]TJ T* .0855 Tw [(other can be naturally r)18(e)-.1(pr)18(esented as a network, and a time-)]TJ T* .1227 Tw [(line can be used to expr)18(ess their placement within the time-)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(span of the whole performance.)]TJ /F9 1 Tf 0 -2.8603 TD 0 Tw (Requirements)Tj /F13 1 Tf 0 -1.7547 TD .0568 Tw [(In or)18(der to formally describe an arbitrary multimedia perform-)]TJ 0 -1.1579 TD .0912 Tw [(ance, we first need to r)18(e)-.1(duce the pr)18(oblem into smaller parts.)]TJ T* .2251 Tw [(W)17.9(e)-.1( encode the information using the Resour)18(ce Description)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(Framework \(RDF\).)]TJ T* [(Basically)91.8(, the ontology should cover two ar)18(eas:)]TJ .8952 -1.1579 TD -.0065 Tw [(1. Description of objects and their r)18(e)-.1(lations within the scene.)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(2. Data flows with time intervals.)]TJ -.8952 -1.1579 TD -.0404 Tw [(The former can be r)18(e)-.1(pr)18(esented as a static graph describing r)18(e)-.1(la-)]TJ T* -.0263 Tw [(tions among all objects used in the performance, together with)]TJ T* -.0339 Tw [(the associated meta-data, for example: pr)18(ogram name and ver-)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(sion, the physical location of the pr)18(ojection scr)18(een, etc.)]TJ T* -.0057 Tc .1548 Tw [(The latter deals with data flows and is focused on the time-)]TJ T* -.0215 Tw [(aspect of the pr)17.9(ocess, hence the pr)17.9(ojection on a timeline \(Figur)17.9(e)]TJ T* -.0116 Tw [(1\). Objects cr)17.9(eate, transform and exchange information in time.)]TJ 8 0 0 8 396.9614 382.7332 Tm -.0001 Tc .0277 Tw [(Figur)18(e 1. Example of a timeline \(GOLEM performance\).)]TJ /F9 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 363.9056 355.56 Tm -.0002 Tc (Building blocks)Tj /F13 1 Tf 0 -1.7547 TD -.0001 Tc .1135 Tw [(The very cor)18(e)-.1( of our model comprises thr)18(ee basic elements -)]TJ 0 -1.1579 TD .1342 Tw [(Data, Pr)18(ocess and Motivator gr)18(ouped into building blocks as)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(depicted in the Figur)18(e 2.)]TJ T* .015 Tw [( )-9.7(The Pr)18(o)0(cess element r)18(e)-.1(pr)18(esents data cr)18(eation, transforma-)]TJ .8026 -1.1579 TD .0775 Tw [(tion or other action such as r)18(e)-.1(cor)18(ding, situated in a specific)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(time interval.)]TJ -.8026 -1.1579 TD -.0192 Tw [( )-43.9(The Data elements ar)18(e divided into inputs and r)18(e)-.1(sults, usu-)]TJ .8026 -1.1579 TD .0277 Tw [(ally manifested as files or data str)18(eams in the r)18(eal world.)]TJ -.8026 -1.1579 TD .1251 Tw [( )100.4(The Motivators ar)18(e all r)18(e)-.1(levant physical or virtual objects)]TJ .8026 -1.1579 TD .0277 Tw [(involved in the pr)18(ocess.)]TJ 8 0 0 8 363.9056 85.8906 Tm [(Figur)18(e 2. Basic elements of the ontology \(basic building block\).)]TJ ET .3 w /GS2 gs q 1 0 0 1 648.262 439.024 cm 0 0 m 0 -354.331 l S Q /Cs10 cs .81 1 .63 scn 638.34 442.32 14.173 14.173 re f BT /F10 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 640.9795 446.69 Tm /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn 0 Tw (33)Tj ET /GS3 gs BT /F3 1 Tf 0 8 -8 0 644.267 224.3467 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn .0999 Tc .0251 Tw [(I)12(nternational P)29.9(r)9.9(eser)-17.7(v)5.9(a).1(tion N)29.7(e)-6(ws )-225( )-225( )-225( )-225(N)29.7(o)15.9(. 47 M)12(a).1(y 2009 )]TJ /F10 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 84.6932 93.8937 Tm -.0001 Tc 0 Tw (1.)Tj /F13 1 Tf 1.4465 0 TD .3348 Tw [(Musical notation \(MusicXML or MIDI\), movie script, chor)18(eography)]TJ -1.4465 -1.125 TD .0277 Tw [(\(Labanotation or Benesh Movement Notation\).)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 363.906 392.904 253.7 171.771 re f q 253.696 0 0 171.768 363.906 392.907 cm /Im32 Do Q 363.906 96.693 253.7 126.513 re f q 253.685 0 0 126.505 363.906 96.701 cm /Im33 Do Q q 1 0 0 1 84.693 106.394 cm 0 0 m 56.693 0 l S Q endstream endobj 223 0 obj << /ExtGState << /GS2 290 0 R /GS3 315 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs8 291 0 R /Cs11 317 0 R /Cs10 293 0 R >> /Font << /F10 296 0 R /F8 305 0 R /F3 299 0 R /F9 303 0 R /F13 295 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text /ImageC ] /XObject << /Im32 346 0 R /Im33 347 0 R >> >> endobj 224 0 obj << /Length 11115 >> stream /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 85.193 85.193 531.913 204.701 re f /Cs10 CS .81 1 .63 SCN 0 J 0 j .5 w 10 M []0 d 1 i 84.943 290.144 532.413 -205.201 re S /GS3 gs BT /F13 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 84.6929 814.5757 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn -.0001 Tc .1578 Tw [(By connecting these building blocks, every situation inside a)]TJ 0 -1.1579 TD .0935 Tw [(performance, ranging fr)18(om the initial artistic idea to the final)]TJ T* .1074 Tw [(pr)18(oduct, can be described. Every pr)18(ocess is associated with a)]TJ T* .2389 Tw [(time interval defining the pr)18(ocess within the performance)110.9(s)]TJ T* 0 Tw (time-span.)Tj /F9 1 Tf 0 -2.8603 TD -.0002 Tc .0278 Tw [(Expressing the ontology in CIDOC-CRM)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 0 -1.7547 TD -.0001 Tc .011 Tw [(In this paper)91.9(,).1( we pr)18(esent one of the many possible appr)18(oaches)]TJ 0 -1.1579 TD .0576 Tw [(of encoding our ontology)91.8(, the CIDOC-CRM [18] model. Apart)]TJ T* .1116 Tw [(fr)18(om the CIDOC itself, we also included additional semantics)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(pr)18(oposed by the University of Leeds - IMP [19].)]TJ T* -.0154 Tw [(For our purposes, we only used a tiny part of the whole CIDOC)]TJ T* .0444 Tw [(specification. W)17.9(e)-.1( needed classes and pr)18(operties that would fit)]TJ T* -.011 Tw [(the idea of the basic building blocks pr)18(esented earlier)91.9(.).1( W)17.9(e)-.1( took)]TJ T* .25 Tw [(the CIDOC-CRM 4.2 ontology expr)18(essed in OWL, then we)]TJ T* .1217 Tw [(added the IMP ontology and fixed the missing statements in)]TJ T* .0932 Tw [(the CIDOC OWL file. Finally we aggr)18(egated everything into a)]TJ T* .2272 Tw [(new Multimedia Performance Ontology and used it as a)]TJ T* .1787 Tw [(basis for modelling of the GOLEM and VIRUS performances)]TJ T* .0277 Tw (\(see [11], [10]\).)Tj T* .1019 Tw [(The mapping between our abstract notion of building blocks)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(and the CIDOC+IMP follows:)]TJ T* .0051 Tw [( )-19.6(Our Pr)18(o)0(cess element can be expr)18(essed as a subclass of the)]TJ .8026 -1.1579 TD .0277 Tw [(E65 Cr)18(eation)]TJ -.8026 -1.1579 TD .0717 Tw [( )47(Our Motivator element can be expr)18(essed as a subclass of)]TJ .8026 -1.1579 TD .0277 Tw (any E1 CRM Entity)Tj -.8026 -1.1579 TD .1144 Tw [( )89.7(Our Data element can be expr)18(essed as a subclass of the)]TJ .8026 -1.1579 TD .0277 Tw (E73 Information Object)Tj -.8026 -1.1579 TD .0094 Tc .4072 Tw [(The links between the pr)18(ocess and other elements ar)18(e)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc .1138 Tw [(expr)18(essed with pr)18(operties: P16 \(used specific object\) for data)]TJ T* .0834 Tw [(inputs, P94 \(has cr)18(eated\) for data output and P17 \(was moti-)]TJ T* .0744 Tw [(vated by\) for motivators. Figur)18(e 3 shows the CIDOC mapping)]TJ T* .0277 Tw (in action.)Tj 8 0 0 8 114.6921 311.7331 Tm [(Figur)18(e 3. Data pr)18(ocessing example using multiple inputs.)]TJ ET /GS2 gs q 1 0 0 1 363.905 812.331 cm 0 0 m 253.701 0 l S Q /GS3 gs BT /F8 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 467.792 814.5757 Tm .0306 Tw [(Pr)17.9(eservation and visualisation)]TJ /F13 1 Tf -10.9354 -2.6498 TD .3976 Tw [(W)17.9(e)-.1( designed a system for visualisation of performances.)]TJ 0 -1.1579 TD .136 Tw [(Metadata stor)18(ed in the RDF r)18(e)-.1(pository)]TJ 4.75 0 0 4.75 524.1157 781.7462 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (2)Tj 9.5 0 0 9.5 530.688 778.4026 Tm -.0001 Tc .136 Tw [(ar)18(e pr)18(ocessed by the)]TJ -17.556 -1.1579 TD .3785 Tw [(Ontology loader component, which serves as a bridge)]TJ T* -.0109 Tw [(between the ontology and the r)18(e)-.1(st of the application. It under-)]TJ T* .0676 Tw [(stands the peculiarities of the CIDOC-CRM and the semantics)]TJ T* .0827 Tw [(of our CIDOC extensions. It also pr)18(ovides a modular ar)18(chitec-)]TJ T* .2269 Tw [(tur)18(e)-.1( wher)18(e other components, so called V)-5.8(isualisation pr)18(o-)]TJ T* 0 Tc .0023 Tw [(files, can r)18.1(e)0(gister their event handlers. When the loading pr)18.1(o-)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc .0839 Tw [(cedur)18(e is initiated, all r)18(e)-.1(gister)18(ed observers would r)18(e)-.1(ceive data)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(depending on their focus. For instance:)]TJ T* .1826 Tw [( )157.9(VRML pr)18(ofile would r)18(e)-.1(nder the 3D scene in using the 3D)]TJ .8026 -1.1579 TD .0277 Tw [(geometry-r)18(elated metadata.)]TJ -.8026 -1.1579 TD -.0249 Tw [( )-49.6(Media player pr)18(ofile would interpr)18(et video files by playing the)]TJ .8026 -1.1579 TD 0 Tw (video.)Tj -.8026 -1.1579 TD -.0118 Tw [( )-36.5(T)-24(i)0(meline pr)18(ofile would r)18(e)-.1(nder a nice-looking timeline widget.)]TJ T* .0272 Tw [( Graph pr)18(ofile would r)18(e)-.1(nder the RDF graph.)]TJ T* [( Subtitles pr)18(ofile would display selected annotations.)]TJ T* .0235 Tw [(At the very end of the loading pr)18(ocess, a slider widget is start-)]TJ T* 0 Tw [(ed allowing user to synchr)18(onise all the components by sending)]TJ T* .0277 Tw (UDP packets.)Tj 4.75 0 0 4.75 417.4748 583.7462 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (3)Tj ET /GS2 gs q 1 0 0 1 363.905 536.812 cm 0 0 m 253.701 0 l S Q /GS3 gs BT /F8 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 563.7236 539.0561 Tm (Conclusion)Tj /F13 1 Tf -21.0335 -2.6498 TD -.0001 Tc .1795 Tw [(Having r)18(eached this section, you may ask what actually the)]TJ 0 -1.1579 TD .0479 Tw [(outcome is? How the artists or curators could possibly benefit)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(fr)18(om the pr)18(esented ideas?)]TJ T* .0315 Tw [(Our goal was to describe specific pr)18(oblems of multimedia per-)]TJ T* .1287 Tw [(formances comparing to the other forms of mostly static art)]TJ T* .0242 Tw [(genr)18(es. W)17.9(e)-.1( focused on the time-aspect of the piece and using)]TJ T* .0315 Tw [(the analogy of how the scientists pr)18(eserve their satellite scans,)]TJ T* .1135 Tw [(thr)18(oughout the various pr)18(ocessing layers, we designed a sys-)]TJ T* .0623 Tw [(tem which allows for storing data and metadata fr)18(om various)]TJ T* -.0156 Tw [(levels of the performance)110.9(s lifespan. Mor)18(eover)91.9(,).1( we can visualise)]TJ T* .1544 Tw [(the stor)18(ed information in a synchr)18(onised way)91.8(,).1( such as video)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(captur)18(ed fr)18(om dif)18(fer)18(e)-.1(nt angles.)]TJ T* .0149 Tw [(W)17.9(e)-.1( hope our appr)18(oach would help the artists to pr)18(eserve their)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(pr)18(ecious cr)18(eations for next generations.)]TJ ET .3 w /GS2 gs q 1 0 0 1 59.182 439.023 cm 0 0 m 0 -354.33 l S Q /Cs10 cs .81 1 .63 scn 49.26 442.32 14.173 14.173 re f BT /F10 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 51.8992 446.69 Tm /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn 0 Tw (34)Tj ET /GS3 gs BT /F3 1 Tf 0 8 -8 0 55.1738 225.0144 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn .0999 Tc .0251 Tw [(I)12(nternational P)29.9(r)9.9(eser)-17.7(v)5.9(a).1(tion N)29.7(e)-6(ws )-225( )-225( )-225( )-225(N)29.7(o)15.9(. 47 M)12(a).1(y 2009)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 65.814 324.917 291.461 120.042 re f q 281.152 0 0 112.367 70.893 326.784 cm /Im34 Do Q /GS3 gs BT /F10 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 90.3622 260.2677 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn -.0001 Tc 0 Tw (1.)Tj /F13 1 Tf 1.125 0 TD .0231 Tw [(R. 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Indeed for)]TJ T* .1114 Tw [(many r)18(easons the image integration to book collections \(and)]TJ T* -.0006 Tc -.0045 Tw [(even mor)17.5(e)-.6( for audio\) has been historically complex)]TJ 4.75 0 0 4.75 289.4653 556.2178 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (2)Tj 9.5 0 0 9.5 292.1059 552.874 Tm -.0001 Tc -.005 Tw (. This is tra-)Tj -21.833 -1.1579 TD -.0223 Tw [(ditionally the case for the integration of audio/visual collections)]TJ T* .0154 Tw [(into libraries wher)18(e they ar)18(e still kept separate for obvious r)18(ea-)]TJ T* -.026 Tw [(sons of specific conservation, or for availability and analysis. On)]TJ T* .0229 Tw [(the other hand, the semantics of image and/or sound \(musical)]TJ T* .0529 Tw [(without language\) pose many documentary challenges count-)]TJ T* -.0276 Tw [(er to the now out-of-date vulgate: any thought can be r)18(e)-.1(duced)]TJ T* .1531 Tw [(to a linguistic statement transcribed to text. In addition, the)]TJ T* -.0134 Tw [(simple concept of copyright and publisher is considerably mor)18(e)]TJ T* .1373 Tw [(complex for films \(or video\) content, because the worldwide)]TJ T* .2083 Tw [(distribution of audiovisual \(as film, video or DVD\) implies a)]TJ T* .1271 Tw [(polymorphous multilingualism and an adaptation)]TJ 4.75 0 0 4.75 288.4947 435.2179 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (3)Tj 9.5 0 0 9.5 294.9828 431.8741 Tm -.0002 Tc .1272 Tw [(by format,)]TJ -22.1358 -1.1579 TD -.0001 Tc .0394 Tw [(type of players and standar)18(ds zones)]TJ 4.75 0 0 4.75 230.998 424.2178 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (4)Tj 9.5 0 0 9.5 233.6384 420.8741 Tm -.0001 Tc .0394 Tw [(, much mor)18(e)-.1( diverse than)]TJ -15.6785 -1.1579 TD .0981 Tw [(for books. The 19)]TJ 4.75 0 0 4.75 159.2828 413.2178 Tm -.0002 Tc 0 Tw (th)Tj 9.5 0 0 9.5 167.0758 409.8741 Tm -.0001 Tc .0981 Tw [(and then 20)]TJ 4.75 0 0 4.75 218.5674 413.2178 Tm -.0002 Tc 0 Tw (th)Tj 9.5 0 0 9.5 226.3603 409.8741 Tm -.0001 Tc .0981 Tw [(century analog media have)]TJ -14.9124 -1.1579 TD .0702 Tw [(faced major heritage collections to an exponential incr)18(ease of)]TJ T* .0167 Tw [(NBM. The first period of main media digitization \(CD, CDRom,)]TJ T* .0819 Tw [(DVD\) have spr)18(ead the phenomenon of content heter)18(ogeneity)]TJ T* .0818 Tw [(\(multimedia\) for almost all the libraries. Alongside the global-)]TJ T* -.0338 Tw [(ization of networks, exchange and development of cooperative)]TJ T* .0561 Tw [(cataloguing, cr)18(eation of common catalogues to all media, the)]TJ T* .3103 Tw [(general W)17.9(e)-.1(b and its symbiosis with pr)18(ogr)18(essive tools and)]TJ T* .0479 Tw [(libraries methods have changed the librarians pr)18(ofession, and)]TJ T* -.0203 Tw [(pr)18(obably mor)18(e)-.1( for audiovisual librarians. The multimedia library)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(is the common lot of any librarian.)]TJ 0 -2.3158 TD -.0112 Tc .2042 Tw [(Her)18(e lies the true failur)18(e. In a few years the departments of)]TJ 0 -1.1579 TD .102 Tw [(audio-visual libraries have seen their activity gr)18(ow and change.)]TJ T* -.0302 Tw [(However libraries ar)18(e faced with the convergence of all digital.)]TJ 0 -2.3158 TD -.0001 Tc .084 Tw [(This convergence will know a much gr)18(eater acceleration with)]TJ 0 -1.1579 TD .0184 Tw [(the abandonment of analog br)18(oadcast in the early 2010s. This)]TJ T* .3087 Tw [(issue concer)-17.7(ns of course firstly audiovisual film and video)]TJ T* .1508 Tw [(\(which will know considerable changes and in particular the)]TJ T* .0215 Tw [(availability of audiovisual corpus downloadable on demand\). It)]TJ 29.3908 52.0324 TD .0873 Tw [(will have very important ef)18(fects on the multimedia in general)]TJ 0 -1.1579 TD -.0092 Tw [(\(sound, photography)91.8(, imagery in all its forms\) and of course on)]TJ T* -.0077 Tw [(any digital content r)18(e)-.1(gar)18(dless of the terms \(semantic W)17.9(e)-.1(b, dig-)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(ital libraries of text and non-textual...\).)]TJ 0 -2.3158 TD .1087 Tw [(For audiovisual pr)18(ofessionals, museums, libraries, ar)18(chives ar)18(e)]TJ 0 -1.1579 TD .0138 Tc .4028 Tw [(becoming a significant r)18(e)-.1(sour)18(ce for their pr)18(ogramming.)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc .0652 Tw [(T)110.7(o)0(morr)18(ow)55(, multimedia corpus will be subject to ar)18(chiving and)]TJ T* -.0113 Tw [(media transfer. This convergence r)18(e)-.1(quir)18(es us to question the)]TJ T* .2317 Tw [(document definition; it can no longer be simply seen as a)]TJ T* .0421 Tw [(technical support, but rather with a semiotic appr)18(oach. The)]TJ T* .0491 Tw [(individual link to the document is changing. Mutations af)18(fect-)]TJ T* .1385 Tw [(ing the document concer)-17.7(n the transformation and modifica-)]TJ T* .1249 Tw [(tion that the user can perform on the content, as the docu-)]TJ T* .0123 Tw [(ment fragmentation into multiple entities. The document is no)]TJ T* .1996 Tw [(longer one, it becomes a documentary chaining, calling for)]TJ T* .1581 Tw [(new methods for information tr)18(eatment and documentation)]TJ T* 0 Tw [(pr)18(ocess. )]TJ 0 -2.3158 TD .0517 Tw [(W)17.9(e)-.1( would like to str)18(e)-.1(ss also some fundamental characteristics)]TJ 0 -1.1579 TD .1434 Tw [(of the incr)18(easing convergence of media. Media convergence)]TJ T* .1514 Tw [(appears because pr)18(ofessions make common standar)18(d)0(s)]TJ 4.75 0 0 4.75 590.839 456.5258 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (5)Tj 9.5 0 0 9.5 597.558 453.1822 Tm -.0001 Tc (\(field)Tj -24.595 -1.1579 TD -.0347 Tw [(that all the librarians know and especially those involved in IFLA)]TJ T* 0 Tc .0033 Tw (works\). For example, the mobile phone is both a phone, a GPS)Tj T* -.0001 Tc .1955 Tw [(guidance tool, a PDA, a camera, a TV or radio r)18(e)-.1(ceiver)91.9(, an)]TJ T* .0263 Tw [(audio player)91.9(,).1( a voice r)18(e)-.1(cor)18(d)0(er)91.9(, an email terminal, a SMS, game)]TJ T* -.0218 Tw [(consoles, an alarm clock, a calculator)91.9(,).1( a payment terminal, etc.,)]TJ T* .3163 Tw [(only because all these formerly distinct industrial activities)]TJ T* .0867 Tw [(understood they could find ther)18(e a larger market. Indeed the)]TJ T* .0167 Tw [(convergence of multimedia standar)18(d)0( generates not only multi-)]TJ T* .2781 Tw [(modal innovation and inter)18(operability advantages, but also)]TJ T* .0659 Tw [(economy)91.8(.).1( One can even say that Moor)18(e)110.9(s law)]TJ 4.75 0 0 4.75 550.8995 346.5258 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (6)Tj 9.5 0 0 9.5 556.806 343.1822 Tm -.0001 Tc .0659 Tw [(is a dir)18(ect con-)]TJ -20.3053 -1.1579 TD -.0347 Tw [(sequence of the standar)18(dization ef)18(fort. For instance, in the 80s,)]TJ T* .085 Tw [(you had to pay about 1 million of Fr)18(ench Francs to pr)18(ovide a)]TJ T* .06 Tw [(tool for displaying and sorting images with a videodisc \(docu-)]TJ T* .0209 Tw [(mentary imager\); today the same can be done with much bet-)]TJ T* 0 Tc .003 Tw [(ter conditions \(volume, image quality)91.9(,).2( speed, ergonomics\) with)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc .0066 Tw [(a computer which costs 200 )]TJ /F14 1 Tf 12.3656 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F13 1 Tf .5559 0 TD -.0001 Tc .0066 Tw [( and using fr)18(ee and open sour)18(ce)]TJ -12.9215 -1.1579 TD .1119 Tw [(softwar)18(e)-.1(. So the overall digitization of information and com-)]TJ T* .0143 Tw [(munication leads to very significant economy)91.8(,).1( security pr)18(ocess-)]TJ T* .1414 Tw [(ing, storage and br)18(oadcasting ef)18(fects. That)110.9(s)0( why the sched-)]TJ T* .2388 Tw [(uled abandonment of analog br)18(oadcast at the tur)-17.7(n)0( of the)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(2010s will be so important. )]TJ /F6 1 Tf 20 0 0 20 85.1251 807.2964 Tm .0258 Tw [(T)120(e)0(chnical and nor)15.9(mativ)29.9(e scenarios in the medium and long ter)15.9(m)]TJ 6.0877 -1.2 TD [(for libraries audio)17.9(visual collections)]TJ /F10 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 93.1968 744.2966 Tm -.0002 Tc .0278 Tw [(by Henri Hudrisier)91.7(,)0( )]TJ /F13 1 Tf 0 -1.3636 TD -.0001 Tc [(Paragraph Laboratory)91.8(,).1( Lectur)18(e)-.1(r and Resear)18(cher)91.9(, Paris 8 University )]TJ T* 0 Tw (and )Tj /F10 1 Tf 1.9174 0 TD -.0002 Tc .0278 Tw [(Alain V)54.7(a)-.1(ucelle,)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 7.2235 0 TD -.0001 Tc [(Lectur)18(e)-.1(r and Resear)18(cher)91.9(, AR)-5.9(TEMIS, TELECOM SudParis)]TJ ET 3 w /GS2 gs q 1 0 0 1 86.193 753.802 cm 0 0 m 0 -40.348 l S Q /GS3 gs BT /F10 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 84.6929 147.3936 Tm 0 Tw (1.)Tj /F13 1 Tf 1.1394 0 TD .0277 Tw [(The Chur)18(ch needs to look ahead but also at the past.)]TJ /F10 1 Tf -1.1394 -1.125 TD 0 Tw (2.)Tj /F13 1 Tf 1.1678 0 TD .0561 Tw [(The photo-engraving is only dated fr)18(om the beginning of the 20)]TJ 4 0 0 4 317.5066 141.2062 Tm -.0002 Tc 0 Tw (th)Tj 8 0 0 8 323.7336 138.3937 Tm -.0001 Tc (cen-)Tj -29.8801 -1.125 TD .0294 Tw [(tury and the typesetting on a single page of text and images \(especially in)]TJ T* .0277 Tw (colour\) was complex.)Tj /F10 1 Tf T* 0 Tw (3.)Tj /F13 1 Tf 1.1708 0 TD .0592 Tw [(VO, VO subtitled in N languages, version doubled in N languages, ver-)]TJ -1.1708 -1.125 TD .0277 Tw [(sion with closed captioning for the hearing impair)18(ed. )]TJ /F10 1 Tf T* 0 Tw (4.)Tj /F13 1 Tf 1.1139 0 TD 0 Tc .0022 Tw [(8mm, 9.5mm, 16mm, 35mm, 70mm, SECAM, P)74(A)0(L, NTSC, Zone ar)18.1(ea A,)]TJ -1.1139 -1.125 TD -.0001 Tc .0277 Tw [(B, C, D..., DVD, DVD, Blu-ray)91.8(...)]TJ ET .3 w /GS2 gs q 1 0 0 1 84.693 158.394 cm 0 0 m 56.693 0 l S 1 0 0 1 279.212 27.5 cm 0 0 m 56.693 0 l S Q /GS3 gs BT /F10 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 363.9055 175.0711 Tm 0 Tw (5.)Tj /F13 1 Tf 1.0838 0 TD -.0278 Tw [(For example, the mobile phone or P)73.9(AD ar)18(e curr)18(e)-.1(nt tools to pr)18(ocess, stor)18(e)]TJ -1.0838 -1.125 TD .0249 Tw [(and distribute photos, video, email, inter)-17.7(net, sound or music phone, SMS,)]TJ T* .0668 Tw [(games, number of desktop applications, the GPS, online payments... This)]TJ T* .157 Tw [(is because the experts of standar)18(dization have actually met to establish)]TJ T* -.013 Tw [(common inter)18(operability for the implementation and use of these dif)18(fer)18(e)-.1(nt)]TJ T* .1592 Tw [(components of communication possible on a phone. What will happen)]TJ T* .0002 Tc .0022 Tw [(with the widespr)18.3(ead use of digital br)18.3(oadcast is exactly the same because it)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc .203 Tw [(will be a convergence as important as the one we observe on mobile)]TJ T* 0 Tw (phone.)Tj /F10 1 Tf T* (6.)Tj /F13 1 Tf 1.168 0 TD .0564 Tw [(The Moor)18(e)110.9(s Law plans the exponential incr)18(ease in micr)18(opr)18(ocessor per-)]TJ -1.168 -1.125 TD .0277 Tw (formance computers.)Tj ET endstream endobj 229 0 obj << /ExtGState << /GS2 290 0 R /GS3 315 0 R >> /Font << /F12 294 0 R /F13 295 0 R /F14 322 0 R /F6 302 0 R /F3 299 0 R /F10 296 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs8 291 0 R /Cs11 317 0 R /Cs10 293 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 230 0 obj << /Length 11251 >> stream /GS3 gs BT /F10 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 363.9056 85.2763 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn -.0001 Tc 0 Tw (7.)Tj /F13 1 Tf 1.1394 0 TD .0277 Tw [(By this term, we mean the br)18(oader concept of trade and exchange. )]TJ ET /Cs10 CS .81 1 .63 SCN 0 J 0 j .3 w 10 M []0 d /GS2 gs 1 i q 1 0 0 1 648.262 439.024 cm 0 0 m 0 -354.331 l S Q /Cs10 cs .81 1 .63 scn 638.34 442.32 14.173 14.173 re f BT /F10 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 640.9795 446.69 Tm /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn 0 Tw (37)Tj ET /GS3 gs BT /F3 1 Tf 0 8 -8 0 644.267 224.3467 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn .0999 Tc .0251 Tw [(I)12(nternational P)29.9(r)9.9(eser)-17.7(v)5.9(a).1(tion N)29.7(e)-6(ws )-225( )-225( )-225( )-225(N)29.7(o)15.9(. 47 M)12(a).1(y 2009 )]TJ /F8 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 182.7072 814.5757 Tm -.0001 Tc .0306 Tw [(The ef)17.9(fects of delay and inertia )]TJ ET .5 w /GS2 gs q 1 0 0 1 84.693 799.208 cm 0 0 m 253.701 0 l S Q /GS3 gs BT 9.5 0 0 9.5 210.6729 801.4523 Tm [(in appr)17.9(opriation and uses)]TJ /F13 1 Tf -13.261 -2.3644 TD -.0057 Tc .0965 Tw [(Although tools and standar)17.9(d)0(s have been identified and devel-)]TJ 0 -1.1709 TD .1793 Tw [(oped industrially)91.8(, they spr)17.9(ead only when the practices ar)17.9(e in)]TJ T* .024 Tw [(place, which inevitably implies new practices. It is a constant of)]TJ T* .0842 Tw [(technological developments: once the period of invention and)]TJ T* .0466 Tw [(availability of a first generation of tools has passed, a technical)]TJ T* -.0111 Tw [(system \(her)17.9(e)-.1( the digital image\) can spr)17.9(ead on a larger scale only)]TJ T* .1364 Tw [(if a majority of users adopt without delay new paradigms by)]TJ T* -.0099 Tw [(assessing the potential uses and especially r)17.9(e)-.1(thinking their tech-)]TJ T* -.0352 Tw [(no-cultur)17.9(e)-.1( in the light of futur)17.9(e)-.1( technology opening up to them.)]TJ 0 -2.3418 TD -.0001 Tc .0745 Tw [(However)91.9(,).1( social inertia is inevitable. Some pr)18(ofessions such as)]TJ 0 -1.1709 TD .0816 Tw [(aviation, army)91.8(, post-pr)18(oduction film and medicine have a low)]TJ T* -.0089 Tw [(inertia in new tools appr)18(opriation as they ar)18(e waiting for them.)]TJ T* .0969 Tw [(However)91.9(,).1( many pr)18(ofessionals \(librarians, museographs, teach-)]TJ T* .1193 Tw [(ers, publishers\), individual or semi-pr)18(o)0(fessional users have no)]TJ T* .0398 Tw [(desir)18(e to see the organization of audiovisual r)18(e)-.1(sour)18(ces radical-)]TJ T* -.0297 Tw [(ly change every 5 years in terms of formats, tools and softwar)18(e)-.1(. )]TJ 0 -2.3418 TD -.011 Tw [(Regar)18(ding private users \(mostly poorly informed\), they ar)18(e con-)]TJ 0 -1.1709 TD .2336 Tw [(demned to suf)18(fer the law of supply: they have to balance)]TJ T* .2936 Tw [(between the disadvantages of their audiovisual equipment)]TJ T* -.0066 Tw [(obsolescence and the cost of periodical investments. The pr)18(ob-)]TJ T* .2689 Tw [(lem is rather dif)18(fer)18(e)-.1(nt for pr)18(ofessionals, including those in)]TJ T* .1589 Tw [(charge of the audiovisual heritage issue. These pr)18(ofessionals)]TJ T* -.0132 Tw [(have a r)18(e)-.1(sponsibility to perpetuate over centuries a technical)]TJ T* .2258 Tw [(documentary universe. They must integrate with gr)18(eat car)18(e)]TJ T* .0489 Tw [(innovations to ensur)18(e the continuity of conservation and pub-)]TJ T* .1152 Tw [(lic access. However)91.9(,).1( they should not be cut fr)18(om the domi-)]TJ T* -.0137 Tw [(nant technical system of ICT, which guarantees their ability to)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(keep on operating within their budget pr)18(ovision.)]TJ 0 -2.3418 TD .1063 Tw [(Unlike what is too often per)18(c).1(eived by those in charge of the)]TJ 0 -1.1709 TD .0886 Tw [(finance, the disadvantages and costs ar)18(e less the pur)18(chase of)]TJ T* .0784 Tw [(new equipment than the adaptation of the methods of scan-)]TJ T* -.0154 Tw [(ning, storage, description and br)18(oadcasting system. It becomes)]TJ T* .124 Tw [(every year mor)18(e)-.1( essential to understand the scenarios of the)]TJ T* .0446 Tw [(futur)18(e)-.1( development of audiovisual and multimedia. It is ther)18(e-)]TJ T* .0949 Tw [(for)18(e)-.1( a work of anticipation consisting in cr)18(eating models and)]TJ T* .1156 Tw [(experiments by using what is evolving in the technologies of)]TJ T* .1761 Tw [(r)18(eading, storage and br)18(oadcasting for the mass market and)]TJ T* .1186 Tw [(pr)18(ofessionals. It is indeed certain that these technologies will)]TJ T* .0111 Tw [(know a gr)18(eat success due to the planned and concerted aban-)]TJ T* .1602 Tw [(donment of all analog br)18(oadcast \(anticipated for almost ten)]TJ T* .0993 Tw [(years\). This anticipation enabled r)18(e)-.1(sear)18(chers, standar)18(ds devel-)]TJ T* .0899 Tw [(opers, manufactur)18(e)-.1(rs, br)18(oadcasters and pr)18(oducers of audiovi-)]TJ T* .1488 Tw [(sual pr)18(ograms to pr)18(edict their development, r)18(e)-.1(organize their)]TJ T* .2408 Tw [(work, mode of dissemination and marketing. They had no)]TJ T* -.0139 Tw [(alter)-17.7(n)0(ative anyway because they ar)18(e influenced by the web 2.0)]TJ T* .1171 Tw [(\(semantic web\) that evolves accor)18(ding to its own logic to be)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(semantic and multimedia. )]TJ ET /GS2 gs q 1 0 0 1 84.693 195.893 cm 0 0 m 253.701 0 l S Q /GS3 gs BT /F8 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 168.0047 198.1378 Tm .0306 Tw [(Convergence and cr)17.9(oss-attractions)]TJ /F13 1 Tf -8.7696 -2.3644 TD .2409 Tw [(Saying that audiovisual pr)18(ofessionals ar)18(e influenced by and)]TJ 0 -1.1709 TD .091 Tw [(dependent on W)17.9(e)-.1(b 2.0 today is true but the contrary will be)]TJ T* .1562 Tw [(certainly true in 5 to 10 years. Indeed, as well as the van-)]TJ T* -.0245 Tw [(quished Gr)18(eece [Audiovisual] conquer)18(e)-.1(d in its tur)-17.7(n)0( its wild con-)]TJ T* .0768 Tw [(quer)18(o)0(r [W)17.9(eb], it is certain that the audio-visual mass market)]TJ T* .0499 Tw [(\(TV)129(,).1( Blu-ray DVD, CD, radio\) is incommensurate with the mar-)]TJ T* .0256 Tw [(ket of the conscious access, logical and rational to the W)17.9(e)-.1(b or)]TJ T* .0153 Tw [(to any softwar)18(e)-.1( or computer)91.9(. It is also not commensurate with)]TJ T* .1094 Tw [(that of education, museums and libraries \(and even with the)]TJ 29.3908 76.6198 TD .1131 Tw [(games market although this one is mor)18(e)-.1( and mor)18(e)-.1( linked to)]TJ 0 -1.1579 TD .0277 Tw (the audiovisual market\). )Tj 0 -2.3158 TD .0513 Tw [(It is certain that the pr)18(ofessional pr)18(oduction and development)]TJ 0 -1.1579 TD -.0057 Tw [(of audiovisual ar)18(chives will be organized to be compatible with)]TJ T* .0614 Tw [(the tools and standar)18(ds of the mass market mostly defined in)]TJ T* .1561 Tw [(MPEG-4, 7 and 21. Fr)18(om this point of view the tur)-17.7(n)0( of the)]TJ T* .036 Tw [(2010s will be crucial as it will see the emergence of very large)]TJ T* -.0087 Tw [(r)18(e)-.1(sour)18(ces of VOD \(several hundr)18(ed million of citations available)]TJ T* 0 Tw (online\). )Tj 0 -2.3158 TD .1466 Tw [(MPEG-4 and 7 generate the construction of a semantic lan-)]TJ 0 -1.1579 TD .0106 Tw [(guage of audiovisual documentation. These standar)18(ds cr)18(eate a)]TJ T* .0725 Tw [(convergence in the same full media universe. This vision of)]TJ T* .1199 Tw [(the futur)18(e)-.1( for the video of)18(fers a documentary integration, in)]TJ T* -.0367 Tw [(which descriptors ar)18(e r)18(e)-.1(pr)18(esented using XML, which makes this)]TJ T* .1632 Tw [(semantic understandable. MPEG-21 will socioeconomically)]TJ T* .0973 Tw [(fluid the access to content because it organizes the manage-)]TJ T* .2203 Tw [(ment of e-pr)18(ocur)18(ement)]TJ 4.75 0 0 4.75 462.7254 619.9194 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (7)Tj 9.5 0 0 9.5 470.0984 616.5757 Tm -.0001 Tc .2203 Tw [(and copyright. On a mor)18(e)-.1( general)]TJ -11.1782 -1.1579 TD .0721 Tw [(level, MPEG-21 ar)18(chitectur)18(e)-.1( pr)18(ovides the standar)18(d)0( of the pr)18(o-)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(duction and distribution of all digital content.)]TJ 0 -2.3158 TD .0134 Tw [(It is obvious that a certain number of pr)18(ofessionals of ar)18(chives,)]TJ 0 -1.1579 TD .3493 Tw [(libraries, museums or educational r)18(e)-.1(sour)18(ces ar)18(e organized)]TJ T* .0639 Tw [(accor)18(ding to technological paradigms belonging to the earlier)]TJ T* .0277 Tw (audiovisual documentary system. )Tj 0 -2.3158 TD .1361 Tw [(Some r)18(e)-.1(sistance may slow down the integration of this new)]TJ 0 -1.1579 TD -.0345 Tw [(technical logic which will include a maximum of tools and com-)]TJ T* -.037 Tw [(ponents belonging to the futur)18(e)-.1( emergence of mass VOD \(note)]TJ T* .0322 Tw [(that this mass VOD will generate necessarily two versus of the)]TJ T* .0691 Tw [(same audiovisual documentation system based on MPEG-4, 7)]TJ T* .1564 Tw [(& 21: a pr)18(ofessional versus intended to br)18(oadcaster of VOD)]TJ T* .0888 Tw [(system and a mass market versus\). Anyway this documentary)]TJ T* .044 Tw [(audiovisual system based on MPEG-4, 7 & 21 will see its price)]TJ T* .019 Tw [(collapse which will have a drastic influence on the costs of the)]TJ T* .0821 Tw [(organization and the supply of audiovisual r)18(e)-.1(sour)18(ces whether)]TJ T* .1223 Tw [(online or in the library)91.8(.).1( This will have a major impact on the)]TJ T* .0277 Tw (audiovisual heritage. )Tj ET /GS2 gs q 1 0 0 1 363.906 358.654 cm 0 0 m 253.7 0 l S Q /GS3 gs BT /F8 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 424.6428 360.8985 Tm .0306 Tw [(What about standar)17.9(ds MPEG-4, 7 & 21?)]TJ /F13 1 Tf -6.3934 -2.3514 TD .0625 Tw [(The first standar)18(ds of the MPEG family \(1 & 2\) wer)18(e)-.1( designed)]TJ 0 -1.1579 TD .1278 Tw [(to optimize issues r)18(e)-.1(lated to the compr)18(e)-.1(ssion of audio-visual)]TJ T* .0146 Tw [(str)18(eam. As these issues found a number of normative r)18(e)-.1(spons-)]TJ T* .1774 Tw [(es, other pr)18(ojects r)18(e)-.1(lated to the document structur)18(e)-.1( and its)]TJ T* .0002 Tw [(exchange have been launched. MPEG-4 is the standar)18(d)0(-setting)]TJ T* -.0361 Tw [(organization of an audiovisual media fully interactive and struc-)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(tur)18(e)-.1(d accor)18(ding to the principles of markup languages.)]TJ T* .0799 Tw [(MPEG-7 organizes the documentation standar)18(ds in the multi-)]TJ T* .0333 Tw [(media field. This is an automatic or semi-automatic indexation)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(of multimedia content. )]TJ T* .0721 Tw [(MPEG-21 is the standar)18(d)0(-setting organization for the integra-)]TJ T* .0113 Tw [(tion of services \(e-pr)18(o)0(cur)18(e)-.1(ment and copyright management\) in)]TJ T* .1061 Tw [(the entir)18(e)-.1( multimedia field. It is thus possible to describe the)]TJ T* .1202 Tw [(contents and elements that may interact fr)18(om the cr)18(eator to)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(the user or the final r)18(e-user.)]TJ 0 -2.3158 TD .1282 Tw [(This logic of corpus r)18(e)-.1(pository of digital documents is at the)]TJ 0 -1.1579 TD .0411 Tw [(heart of this technology)91.8(. It is very dif)18(ficult today to pr)18(edict the)]TJ T* .2455 Tw [(type of appr)18(opriation or misappr)18(opriation of the new uses)]TJ T* .0169 Tw [(of)18(fer)18(e)-.1(d by the family of MPEG standar)18(ds. The existing audiovi-)]TJ T* .1498 Tw [(sual industry is likely to be changed and r)18(e)-.1(structur)18(e)-.1(d. V)-5.8(ideo)]TJ ET .3 w /GS2 gs q 1 0 0 1 363.906 96.032 cm 0 0 m 56.693 0 l S Q endstream endobj 231 0 obj << /ExtGState << /GS2 290 0 R /GS3 315 0 R >> /Font << /F10 296 0 R /F8 305 0 R /F3 299 0 R /F13 295 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs8 291 0 R /Cs11 317 0 R /Cs10 293 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> endobj 232 0 obj << /Length 9453 >> stream /GS3 gs BT /F13 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 84.6929 814.5757 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn -.0001 Tc .216 Tw [(r)18(e)-.1(cor)18(d)0(, pr)18(oduction, post and pr)18(e-pr)18(oduction, editing, script,)]TJ 0 -1.1579 TD .0829 Tw [(special ef)18(fects, storage, distribution, r)18(e)-.1(covery of contents and)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(ar)18(chiving will be transformed.)]TJ /F10 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 84.6929 572.5757 Tm 0 Tw (1.)Tj /F13 1 Tf 1.1314 0 TD .0197 Tw [(The dif)18(fer)18(e)-.1(nt MPEG standar)18(ds and their characteristics in terms of qual-)]TJ -1.1314 -1.25 TD .0277 Tw [(ity of coding, compr)18(e)-.1(ssion ef)18(ficiency and interactivity)91.8(. )]TJ /F8 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 183.9671 515.5599 Tm .0306 Tw [(The r)17.9(easons for such r)17.9(e).1(sistance )]TJ ET /Cs10 CS .81 1 .63 SCN 0 J 0 j .5 w 10 M []0 d /GS2 gs 1 i q 1 0 0 1 84.693 500.316 cm 0 0 m 253.701 0 l S Q /GS3 gs BT 9.5 0 0 9.5 193.8165 502.5599 Tm [(of documentation pr)17.9(ofession )]TJ /F13 1 Tf -11.4867 -2.6498 TD .1481 Tw [(When you have hundr)18(eds of thousands of audiovisual r)18(e)-.1(fer-)]TJ 0 -1.1579 TD .1205 Tw [(ences r)18(eady to be used, it is legitimate not to rush when an)]TJ T* .0374 Tw [(innovation is launched, since it has a cost to r)18(e)-.1(-tr)18(eat this large)]TJ T* -.0078 Tw [(amount of information that must be balanced with the savings)]TJ T* .3124 Tw [(generated by the new generation technology)91.8(. A contrario)]TJ T* .0315 Tw [(these new tools will cr)18(eate much automatism that will change)]TJ T* .0471 Tw [(the organization of human r)18(e)-.1(sour)18(ces, cr)18(eate transfer of activi-)]TJ T* .0558 Tw [(ties inside and outside the heritage institutions, and will r)18(e)-.1(de-)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(ploy the staf)18(f activities.)]TJ 0 -2.3158 TD .1719 Tw [(This is why audiovisuals librarians must not only experiment)]TJ 0 -1.1579 TD .0336 Tw [(these developing tools but be involved in the cr)18(eation of stan-)]TJ T* .3151 Tw [(dar)18(ds \(primarily ISO/IEC JTC1 SC29\) and be closer to the)]TJ T* .1759 Tw [(r)18(e)-.1(sear)18(ch and development gr)18(oups. This is the pr)18(er)18(equisite if)]TJ T* .0325 Tw [(audiovisual librarians want their technical and standar)18(d)0( specif-)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(ic r)18(e)-.1(quir)18(ements to be taken into account. )]TJ /F8 1 Tf 4.1482 -4.3523 TD .0306 Tw [(Gr)17.9(eat opportunities for the documentation )]TJ .8389 -1.3684 TD [(engineering and knowledge of librarians,)]TJ ET /GS2 gs q 1 0 0 1 84.693 242.796 cm 0 0 m 253.701 0 l S Q /GS3 gs BT 9.5 0 0 9.5 219.7375 245.0404 Tm [(ar)17.9(chivists and museums)]TJ /F13 1 Tf -14.2152 -2.6498 TD .0908 Tw [(If audiovisual librarians ar)18(e involved in developing these stan-)]TJ 0 -1.1579 TD .0397 Tw [(dar)18(ds and emerging tools, they will pr)18(ovide theor)18(e)-.1(tical knowl-)]TJ T* .0172 Tw [(edge and a long practice which will not only give us the speci-)]TJ T* .0509 Tw [(ficities they need but will also allow to federate uses and pr)18(o-)]TJ T* .0083 Tw [(fessions demanding audiovisual ar)18(chives, but not necessarily in)]TJ T* .0207 Tw [(a dir)18(ect line with the mass market of VOD uses or convention-)]TJ T* .0792 Tw [(al audiovisual ar)18(chives. For example, teachers have a gr)18(owing)]TJ T* -.0226 Tw [(need to use online educational r)18(e)-.1(sour)18(ces of visual or audiovisu-)]TJ T* .0511 Tw [(al content of high quality)91.8(.).1( Administrations, enterprises, securi-)]TJ T* .2075 Tw [(ty)91.8(, designers, artists, scientists, publishers..., everyone needs)]TJ T* .0167 Tw [(access to audiovisual r)18(e)-.1(sour)18(ces, but mor)18(e)-.1( often this demand is)]TJ T* .0989 Tw [(part of a larger need for a collective common catalogue that)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(librarians manage perfectly)91.8(.).1( )]TJ 29.3908 76.4957 TD -.0057 Tc .0457 Tw [(On the other hand, pr)17.9(ofessional, semi-pr)17.9(ofessional or even pri-)]TJ 0 -1.1579 TD .0175 Tw [(vate uses will also corr)17.9(espond to the organizational characteris-)]TJ T* .028 Tw [(tics of commer)17.9(c)0(ial of)17.9(fers online which will not necessarily)91.8(, even)]TJ T* -.0056 Tc .2286 Tw [(at the level of audio and visual r)18(esour)18(c).1(es, be limited to an)]TJ T* -.0057 Tc .0857 Tw [(organization by type of media with specific contents \(video or)]TJ T* .0837 Tw [(film editing, phonogram, TV or radio heritage, pictur)17.9(es library)91.8(,)]TJ T* -.0166 Tw [(prints collection, or paintings, etc.\). A gr)17.9(eat number of users ar)17.9(e)]TJ T* .1208 Tw [(looking for mixed media and communication methods. These)]TJ T* -.0118 Tw [(needs don)17.8(t exclude the fact that a large pr)17.9(oportion of the pop-)]TJ T* .0562 Tw [(ulation of industrialized country or semi-developed countries is)]TJ T* .0742 Tw [(in demand of TV or radio pr)17.9(ograms. This content is of)17.9(fer)17.9(e)-.1(d or)]TJ T* .0329 Tw [(sold and distributed in the form of an uninterrupted and diver-)]TJ T* -.0056 Tc 0 Tw (sified)Tj 4.75 0 0 4.75 384.6924 685.9194 Tm 0 Tc (8)Tj 9.5 0 0 9.5 393.5828 682.5757 Tm -.0056 Tc .3882 Tw [(flow of audiovisual pr)18(ogram. The br)18(oadcasters can)]TJ -3.1239 -1.1579 TD -.0057 Tc .0087 Tw [(r)17.9(espond to this demand by pr)17.9(oposing a content str)17.9(eam. On the)]TJ T* -.0229 Tw [(contrary)91.8(, if it is a rich and varied need, the methods of catalogu-)]TJ T* .053 Tw [(ing and documentary analysis will be very diverse. It will ther)17.9(e-)]TJ T* .0278 Tw [(for)17.9(e)-.1( be helpful if librarians ar)17.9(e in a position to unify this of)17.9(fer)91.9(.)]TJ ET /GS2 gs q 1 0 0 1 363.905 594.985 cm 0 0 m 253.701 0 l S Q /GS3 gs BT /F8 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 464.0193 597.2292 Tm -.0001 Tc .0306 Tw [(A society of shar)17.9(e).1(d knowledge)]TJ /F13 1 Tf -10.5383 -2.6498 TD .1116 Tw [(Do not trust in a technological determinism that r)18(e)-.1(duces the)]TJ 0 -1.1579 TD -.0369 Tw [(evolution as mechanics of technology)91.8(, whose wheels ar)18(e essen-)]TJ T* .0691 Tw [(tially in a small number of specialists hands. On the contrary)91.8(,)]TJ T* .0463 Tw [(civil society)91.8(, institutions, policies must be committed to a soci-)]TJ T* .0963 Tw [(ety of knowledge shar)18(e)-.1(d by all. These goals ar)18(e ambitious to)]TJ T* .1383 Tw [(r)18(each the global cir)18(c).1(ulation of knowledge for all digital con-)]TJ T* .0249 Tw [(tent; it r)18(e)-.1(quir)18(es financial r)18(e)-.1(sour)18(ces, social commitments, states)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(cooperation, and a private-sector involvement.)]TJ 0 -2.3158 TD -.0112 Tc -.0259 Tw [(Education, access to ICT and contents, the development of a col-)]TJ 0 -1.1579 TD .1439 Tw [(laborative work, the flow and sharing of knowledge, multilin-)]TJ T* .0366 Tw [(gualism, standar)18(dization, partnership \(gover)-17.7(nment, paragover)-17.7(n-)]TJ T* .2198 Tw [(mental, private sector)91.9(,).1( inter)-17.7(national organization, etc.\), docu-)]TJ T* -.0324 Tw [(mentation engineering can all contribute to the transmission and)]TJ T* .0755 Tw [(sharing of knowledge. Conservation, documentation ar)18(e ther)18(e-)]TJ T* .0393 Tw [(for)18(e)-.1( part of a constantly changing pr)18(ocess in which they have a)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(r)18(ole to play in the dissemination and access to knowledge. )]TJ 0 -2.3158 TD -.0057 Tc .1526 Tw [(W)17.8(eb 2.0, of)17.9(fers a new knowledge management, as the user)]TJ 0 -1.1579 TD .0375 Tw [(becomes a contributor to the digital document, an actor and a)]TJ T* .1822 Tw [(spectator of the knowledge community)91.8(. W)17.8(e)-.1(b 2.0 pr)17.9(efigur)17.9(es,)]TJ T* -.0056 Tc .1933 Tw [(especially in its later versions, an organization of knowledge)]TJ T* -.0057 Tc -.0271 Tw [(based on a logic of documentary consistency)91.8(, consisting in com-)]TJ T* -.0269 Tw [(bining linguistic multiplicity and plural semantics accor)17.9(ding to)]TJ T* .0353 Tw [(specialty and discipline, that will corr)17.9(espond mor)17.9(e)-.1( to the docu-)]TJ T* -.0108 Tw [(mentary logic than to W)17.8(e)-.1(b sear)17.9(ch engines in their curr)17.9(ent state.)]TJ T* .0622 Tw [(This is the consequence of other convergence logics mor)17.9(e)-.1( tex-)]TJ T* -.0056 Tc .0945 Tw [(tual, themselves depending on standar)18(dization not only docu-)]TJ T* -.0057 Tc .1719 Tw (mentary \(ISO TC46\), but terminological and multilingual \(ISO)Tj T* -.0165 Tw [(TC37\), specific to ontologies \(OWL of W3C\)... but that is anoth-)]TJ T* .0278 Tw [(er issue that we intend to handle in another article.)]TJ ET .3 w /GS2 gs q 1 0 0 1 59.182 439.023 cm 0 0 m 0 -354.33 l S Q /Cs10 cs .81 1 .63 scn 49.26 442.32 14.173 14.173 re f BT /F10 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 51.8992 446.69 Tm /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn -.0001 Tc 0 Tw (38)Tj ET /GS3 gs BT /F3 1 Tf 0 8 -8 0 55.1738 225.0144 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn .0999 Tc .0251 Tw [(I)12(nternational P)29.9(r)9.9(eser)-17.7(v)5.9(a).1(tion N)29.7(e)-6(ws )-225( )-225( )-225( )-225(N)29.7(o)15.9(. 47 M)12(a).1(y 2009)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 29.34 588 309.054 190.494 re f q 29.34 778.494 309.054 -190.494 re W* n .000031 906.375 702.299 -906.36 re W n /GS3 gs q 293.913 0 0 191.277 41.743 588.257 cm /Im35 Do Q Q /GS3 gs BT /F10 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 363.9055 102.8937 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn -.0001 Tc 0 Tw (8.)Tj /F13 1 Tf 1.1006 0 TD -.011 Tw [(W)-23.9(i)0(thout playing the over)55.1(-).1(intellectualism car)18(d)0(, we can note that this pas-)]TJ -1.1006 -1.125 TD .1274 Tw [(sive addiction to audiovisual consumption is fairly shar)18(e)-.1(d by all levels of)]TJ T* 0 Tw [(society)91.8(.)]TJ ET /GS2 gs q 1 0 0 1 363.905 114.394 cm 0 0 m 56.693 0 l S Q endstream endobj 233 0 obj << /ExtGState << /GS2 290 0 R /GS3 315 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs11 317 0 R /Cs10 293 0 R /Cs8 291 0 R /Cs13 333 0 R >> /Font << /F10 296 0 R /F8 305 0 R /F3 299 0 R /F13 295 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text /ImageB ] /XObject << /Im35 349 0 R >> >> endobj 234 0 obj << /Length 8115 >> stream /GS3 gs BT /F13 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 84.6932 713.5757 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn -.0001 Tc .2879 Tw [(Conservation and Pr)18(eservation Centers ar)18(e r)18(e)-.1(latively r)18(e)-.1(cent)]TJ 0 -1.3684 TD .0283 Tw [(institutional divisions in Malaysia and Singapor)18(e, yet they have)]TJ T* .0411 Tw [(a str)18(ong experience and expertise in the field, skilled staf)18(f and)]TJ T* .1151 Tw [(state-of-the-art techniques and materials. Although ther)18(e ar)18(e)]TJ T* .2892 Tw [(other conservation centers in the r)18(e)-.1(gion, thr)18(ee particularly)]TJ T* .0586 Tw [(caught our attention, namely the Singapor)18(e National Ar)18(chives)]TJ T* .0654 Tw [(Conservation Laboratory)91.8(,).1( as it does the conservation work for)]TJ T* .0454 Tw [(the National Library Boar)18(d)0( Rar)18(e)-.1( Book Collection ; the National)]TJ T* .1374 Tw [(Library of Malaysia Pr)18(eservation Division, Kuala Lumpur)91.9(, as it)]TJ T* .2483 Tw [(only deals with manuscripts; and the Islamic Arts Museum)]TJ T* .2595 Tw [(Malaysia Conservation Centr)18(e, Kuala Lumpur)91.9(, as it opened)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(r)18(e)-.1(cently and deals with all kinds of materials, including paper)91.9(.)]TJ /F8 1 Tf 7.1733 -3.7555 TD .0306 Tw [(Pr)17.9(eservation at the National Ar)17.9(chives )]TJ ET /Cs10 CS .81 1 .63 SCN 0 J 0 j .5 w 10 M []0 d /GS2 gs 1 i q 1 0 0 1 84.693 519.654 cm 0 0 m 253.701 0 l S Q /GS3 gs BT 9.5 0 0 9.5 271.7261 521.8986 Tm [(of Singapor)17.9(e)]TJ 4.75 0 0 4.75 335.4877 525.2736 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (1)Tj /F13 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 84.6932 497.5599 Tm -.0001 Tc .1411 Tw [(The National Ar)18(chives of Singapor)18(e \(NAS\) was established in)]TJ 0 -1.3684 TD .0647 Tw [(1968, to collect, pr)18(eserve and manage Singapor)18(e)110.9(s public and)]TJ T* .0857 Tw [(private ar)18(chival r)18(e)-.1(cor)18(ds of national and historical significance-)]TJ T* .171 Tw [(the earliest documents dating back to the beginning of the )]TJ T* 0 Tw (19)Tj 4.75 0 0 4.75 95.2554 448.9037 Tm -.0002 Tc (th)Tj 9.5 0 0 9.5 103.605 445.5599 Tm -.0001 Tc .1567 Tw [(century)91.8(.).1( The NAS became part of the National Heritage)]TJ -1.9907 -1.3684 TD .0653 Tw [(Boar)18(d)0( when it was instituted in 1993. As of 2006, NAS holds)]TJ T* .2595 Tw [(10,855 linear meters of paper r)18(e)-.1(cor)18(ds, 292,226 micr)18(ofilms)]TJ T* .0783 Tw [(r)18(eels, 4.6 million images, 15,690 hours of oral history r)18(e)-.1(cor)18(d)0(-)]TJ T* .0435 Tw [(ings and 81,580 hours of audio-visual r)18(e)-.1(cor)18(dings. Since 2000,)]TJ T* .2409 Tw [(www)55(.a2o.com.sg pr)18(oposes online access to the collections,)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(thus r)18(e)-.1(ducing the need to access to original documents.)]TJ /F9 1 Tf 0 -2.8603 TD [(Archives Conservation Laboratory)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 0 -1.9652 TD .1777 Tw [(Each document to be ar)18(chived undergoes anoxic tr)18(eatment.)]TJ 0 -1.3684 TD .1904 Tw [(T)98.8(w).1(o fumigation chambers \(5 days cycle\) ar)18(e located on the)]TJ T* .231 Tw [(main site and another one \(3 days cycle\) is located at the)]TJ T* .1425 Tw [(Memory of Old For)18(d)0( Factory site. T)91.7(r)18(eatments done by the)]TJ T* .0012 Tw [(laboratory include: surface cleaning, manual r)18(e)-.1(pairs, de-acidifi-)]TJ T* .1277 Tw [(cation \(especially wet pr)18(ocess\), leaf casting, tissue mounting,)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(mylar encapsulation, binding and hot stamping.)]TJ T* .1771 Tw [(The leaf casting machine was in-house made 20 years ago.)]TJ T* .0448 Tw [(However it has been impr)18(oved over the years. The quantity of)]TJ T* .0559 Tw [(paper paste needed is automatically assessed by an Excel pr)18(o-)]TJ T* .1526 Tw [(gram using Photoshop to calculate the surface of the docu-)]TJ T* .0207 Tw [(ment to be filled up. Another new development links the stor-)]TJ T* .2639 Tw [(age tank to the leaf casting machine, thus permitting the)]TJ T* .1022 Tw [(r)18(e)-.1(quir)18(ed quantity of paper paste pr)18(eparation to be automati-)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(cally sent to the machine.)]TJ T* -.0272 Tw [(The NAS conservation and pr)18(eservation services give training to)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(staf)18(f fr)18(om ASEAN countries like r)18(e)-.1(cently)91.8(, V)-5.8(i)0(etnam.)]TJ /F10 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 363.9056 512.7007 Tm 0 Tw (1.)Tj /F13 1 Tf 1.1394 0 TD .0277 Tw [(National Ar)18(chives of Singapor)18(e, Conservation laboratory)91.8(.).1( AB)]TJ 9.5 0 0 9.5 363.9056 475.7007 Tm .0972 Tw [(The Conservation laboratory employs 7 full time plus 12 part)]TJ 0 -1.3684 TD -.024 Tw [(time staf)18(f, dedicated on exter)-17.7(n)0(al pr)18(ojects, such as the Botanical)]TJ T* .3517 Tw [(Gar)18(d)0(ens and the National Library Boar)18(d)0( \(NLB\) Rar)18(e)-.1( Book)]TJ T* .1373 Tw [(Collection collections. The NAS worked very closely with the)]TJ T* -.0357 Tw [(NLB in 2004-2007, with the opening of NLB)110.9(s new building and)]TJ T* .2256 Tw [(the r)18(e)-.1(-organization and pr)18(eservation of the heritage collec-)]TJ T* -.0362 Tw [(tions. The pr)18(oject involved the fumigation, conservation, micr)18(o-)]TJ T* .0796 Tw [(filming \(for both consultation and pr)18(eservation purposes\) and)]TJ T* -.0243 Tw [(digitization of 100,000 rar)18(e)-.1( and heritage materials and most of)]TJ T* .0864 Tw [(the conservation work was outsour)18(ced to the NAS. A second)]TJ T* .068 Tw [(pr)18(eservation pr)18(oject involving 200,000 documents and sched-)]TJ T* .0887 Tw [(uled to end in 2008, has been outsour)18(ced to private vendors)]TJ T* .1835 Tw [(\(one for conservation r)18(e)-.1(pair and micr)18(ofilming, the other for)]TJ T* .0135 Tw [(digitization\), as the NAS alone would not be able to cope with)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(this huge number of materials)]TJ 4.75 0 0 4.75 486.8611 297.0445 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (2)Tj 9.5 0 0 9.5 489.5017 293.7007 Tm (.)Tj /F9 1 Tf -13.2206 -2.8603 TD -.0001 Tc .0277 Tw (Image Preservation Laboratory)Tj /F13 1 Tf 0 -1.9652 TD .328 Tw [(Collected r)18(e)-.1(cor)18(ds fr)18(om gover)-17.7(nment agencies, after having)]TJ 0 -1.3684 TD .4161 Tw [(been pr)18(epar)18(ed \(unbound, surface cleaned, ir)18(oned\), ar)18(e)]TJ T* -.0174 Tw [(scanned and written onto micr)18(ofilm by digital micr)18(ofilm writers)]TJ T* .0193 Tw [(for long term pr)18(eservation. Original r)18(e)-.1(cor)18(ds with only informa-)]TJ T* .0689 Tw [(tive value ar)18(e disposed of, while those with intrinsic value ar)18(e)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(conserved and r)18(e)-.1(stor)18(ed. )]TJ ET .3 w /GS2 gs q 1 0 0 1 648.262 439.024 cm 0 0 m 0 -354.331 l S Q /Cs10 cs .81 1 .63 scn 638.34 442.32 14.173 14.173 re f BT /F10 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 640.9795 446.69 Tm /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn 0 Tw (39)Tj ET /GS3 gs BT /F3 1 Tf 0 8 -8 0 644.267 224.3467 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn .0999 Tc .0251 Tw [(I)12(nternational P)29.9(r)9.9(eser)-17.7(v)5.9(a).1(tion N)29.7(e)-6(ws )-225( )-225( )-225( )-225(N)29.7(o)15.9(. 47 M)12(a).1(y 2009 )]TJ /F6 1 Tf 20 0 0 20 112.4305 807.2964 Tm -.0001 Tc .0258 Tw [(Conser)-17.8(v)6(a)0(tion and P)29.9(r)19.8(eser)-17.8(v)6(a)0(tion in M)11.9(a)0(laysia and S)12(i)0(ngapor)19.8(e)]TJ /F10 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 93.1971 768.2966 Tm -.0002 Tc .0278 Tw [(by Aurlie Bosc, )]TJ /F13 1 Tf 0 -1.3636 TD -.0001 Tc [(Curator of Rar)18(e)-.1( Books and Manuscripts)]TJ ET 3 w /GS2 gs q 1 0 0 1 86.193 777.23 cm 0 0 m 0 -23.561 l S Q /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn 363.906 526.876 253.7 193.361 re f q 363.906 720.237 253.7 -193.361 re W* n .000031 906.375 702.299 -906.36 re W n q 254.106 0 0 193.767 363.702 526.673 cm /Im36 Do Q Q /GS3 gs BT /F10 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 84.6932 84.9259 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn 0 Tw (1.)Tj /F13 1 Tf 1.1393 0 TD [(www)55(.nhb.gov)74(.sg/NAS. )]TJ ET .3 w /GS2 gs q 1 0 0 1 84.693 96.032 cm 0 0 m 56.693 0 l S 1 0 0 1 279.213 27.333 cm 0 0 m 56.693 0 l S Q /GS3 gs BT /F10 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 363.9056 112.0315 Tm .0221 Tc (2.)Tj /F13 1 Tf 1.6051 0 TD .4268 Tw [(See Pr)17.9(e)-.1(servation Pr)17.9(ogrammes at the National Library Boar)17.9(d)0(,)]TJ -1.6051 -1.125 TD -.0001 Tc .2373 Tw [(Singapor)18(e, by Mohamed Bin Salim, paper pr)18(esented at the CDNLAO)]TJ T* .0221 Tc .5724 Tw [(meeting in Bali, 8th of May 2007, http://www)55(.nla.gov)74(.au/lap/ )]TJ 31.3798 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (-)Tj -31.3798 -1.125 TD -.0001 Tc (cdnlao2007.html. )Tj ET endstream endobj 235 0 obj << /ExtGState << /GS2 290 0 R /GS3 315 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs8 291 0 R /Cs11 317 0 R /Cs10 293 0 R >> /Font << /F13 295 0 R /F6 302 0 R /F9 303 0 R /F3 299 0 R /F10 296 0 R /F8 305 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text /ImageC ] /XObject << /Im36 350 0 R >> >> endobj 236 0 obj << /Length 8774 >> stream /GS3 gs BT /F9 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 84.6929 814.5757 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn -.0001 Tc .0277 Tw [(Preservation of Audiovisual materials)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 0 -1.9652 TD .1366 Tw [(The NAS has a collection of 20,000 audio-visual documents,)]TJ 0 -1.3684 TD .1187 Tw [(which ar)18(e being digitized, both by the NAS staf)18(f and private)]TJ T* -.0265 Tw [(companies. The NAS has signed memorandums of understand-)]TJ T* .1737 Tw [(ing with br)18(oadcasting stations and NGOs \(e.g. ASEAN Films)]TJ T* .0003 Tw [(Ar)18(chives\), on pr)18(eserving public service br)18(oadcast pr)18(ograms and)]TJ T* .0277 Tw (raw footage. )Tj T* .0006 Tw [(Besides this collecting and pr)18(eserving activities, the NAS makes)]TJ T* .0086 Tc .408 Tw [(pr)17.9(oactive ef)17.9(forts in documenting changing landscape of)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc .1584 Tw [(Singapor)18(e, by cr)18(eating its own pictur)18(e)-.1(s and videos \(e.g. Old)]TJ T* .1088 Tw [(Drama Centr)18(e befor)18(e)-.1( its demolition\). Singapor)18(e Formula One)]TJ T* .1276 Tw [(Grand Prix and Singapor)18(ean participation in Beijing Olympics)]TJ T* .0002 Tw [(will pr)18(obably be the two major 2008 subjects to be document-)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(ed by the NAS in audio-visual documents. )]TJ /F9 1 Tf 0 -2.8603 TD -.0002 Tc 0 Tw (Repositories)Tj /F13 1 Tf 0 -1.9652 TD -.0001 Tc .0908 Tw [(A new r)18(e)-.1(pository has been built in 2005 on the Memory of)]TJ 0 -1.3684 TD .1257 Tw [(Old For)18(d)0( Factory site, specially designed for energy savings,)]TJ T* .0429 Tw [(with featur)18(es such as a r)18(oof gar)18(d)0(en which lowers the temper-)]TJ T* .1005 Tw [(atur)18(e by1C under the r)18(oof, additional sealing of r)18(e)-.1(positories)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(and use of nano paint to addr)18(ess air)55.1(-con leakage.)]TJ T* .2895 Tw [(In 2003, the NAS achieved ISO 9001:2000 certification in)]TJ T* .0876 Tw [(imaging and conservation services. The NAS pr)18(eservation and)]TJ T* .0585 Tw [(conservation activities ar)18(e a landmark in the Singapor)18(ean her-)]TJ T* -.0326 Tw [(itage landscape, not only for paper \(hence the collaboration for)]TJ T* .0285 Tw [(the National Library of Singapor)18(e\), but for audio-visual materi-)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(als as well.)]TJ /F8 1 Tf 14.7699 -4.3523 TD .0306 Tw [(Pr)17.9(eservation Division )]TJ ET /Cs10 CS .81 1 .63 SCN 0 J 0 j .5 w 10 M []0 d /GS2 gs 1 i q 1 0 0 1 84.693 407.473 cm 0 0 m 253.701 0 l S Q /GS3 gs BT 9.5 0 0 9.5 119.1595 409.7174 Tm [(National Library of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur)]TJ 4.75 0 0 4.75 335.4875 413.0924 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (3)Tj /F13 1 Tf 9.5 0 0 9.5 84.6929 382.5443 Tm -.0001 Tc .103 Tw [(The National Library of Malaysia, founded in 1966, hosts the)]TJ 0 -1.3684 TD .0005 Tw [(1985 established Centr)18(e for Malay manuscripts. It has a collec-)]TJ T* .1176 Tw [(tion of over 4,400 Malay manuscripts, gr)18(owing each year by)]TJ T* -.0291 Tw [(donations or acquisitions fr)18(om Malaysia and surr)18(ounding coun-)]TJ T* .3136 Tw [(tries. Malay manuscripts ar)18(e written in Jawi \(Arabic script)]TJ T* .0281 Tw [(adapted to write the Malay language\) and date fr)18(om the early)]TJ T* 0 Tw (16)Tj 4.75 0 0 4.75 95.2552 307.888 Tm -.0002 Tc (th)Tj 9.5 0 0 9.5 102.6155 304.5443 Tm -.0001 Tc .0525 Tw (century until the 20)Tj 4.75 0 0 4.75 183.7955 307.888 Tm -.0002 Tc 0 Tw (th)Tj 9.5 0 0 9.5 191.1559 304.5443 Tm -.0001 Tc .0525 Tw [(century)91.8(.).1( They cover a wide range of)]TJ -11.2066 -1.3684 TD .1863 Tw [(subjects: literatur)18(e, history)91.8(,).1( r)18(e)-.1(ligious Islamic teachings, medi-)]TJ T* .0541 Tw [(cine and court customs. The most famous among them is the)]TJ T* .1355 Tw [(Hikayat Hang T)91.7(u)0(ah, a traditional epic about Hang T)91.7(u)0(ah who)]TJ T* .0896 Tw [(dedicated his life to serving the Sultan of Malacca in the 15)]TJ 4.75 0 0 4.75 334.1722 255.888 Tm -.0002 Tc 0 Tw (th)Tj 9.5 0 0 9.5 84.6929 239.5443 Tm -.0001 Tc .1136 Tw [(century)91.8(.).1( This 19)]TJ 4.75 0 0 4.75 150.3639 242.888 Tm -.0002 Tc 0 Tw (th)Tj 9.5 0 0 9.5 158.3049 239.5443 Tm -.0001 Tc .1136 Tw [(century manuscript is listed in the UNESCO)]TJ -7.7486 -1.3684 TD .0277 Tw [(Memory of the W)17.9(o)0(rld Register)91.9(.)]TJ 0 -1.9652 TD .2091 Tw [(Malay manuscripts ar)18(e subject to deterioration due to their)]TJ 0 -1.3684 TD .1575 Tw [(fragile condition \(unbound items, acidic paper and ink\). The)]TJ T* .1991 Tw [(National Library of Malaysia Pr)18(eservation Division opened in)]TJ T* .0475 Tw [(1979. Their purpose is to pr)18(eserve and r)18(e)-.1(stor)18(e national collec-)]TJ T* .181 Tw [(tions: Malay manuscripts and national heritage such as rar)18(e)]TJ T* .0879 Tw [(books, documents deposited by the Legal Deposit Act \(1966\))]TJ T* -.0224 Tw [(and personal collections donated to the library)91.8(.).1( The tasks range)]TJ T* .2198 Tw [(fr)18(om r)18(e)-.1(storation, binding and micr)18(ofilming, to maintenance)]TJ 29.3908 73.3369 TD .0525 Tw [(work in the stack r)18(ooms. Under tr)18(opical climate, a steady rate)]TJ 0 -1.3684 TD .0375 Tw [(of humidity is not easy to maintain: mobile units of dehumidi-)]TJ T* .1155 Tw [(fiers have to be used to temporally to complement the fixed)]TJ T* -.0143 Tw [(dehumidifiers. Silica gel packs ar)18(e placed every 4 squar)18(e)-.1( feet to)]TJ T* -.0183 Tw [(work locally and ar)18(e r)18(e)-.1(gularly changed. Thermohydographs ar)18(e)]TJ T* .2435 Tw [(checked every day)91.8(,).1( and especially after heavy rains. As for)]TJ T* .0468 Tw [(infestations, silverfishes ar)18(e the mor)18(e)-.1( common plague in stor)18(e)]TJ T* -.0099 Tw [(r)18(ooms. Pr)18(eservation folders or acid-fr)18(ee boxes ar)18(e used to stor)18(e)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(the manuscripts and ar)18(e kept flat on the stacks. )]TJ 0 -1.9652 TD .1445 Tw [(Experts fr)18(om Kor)18(ea, Germany)91.8(, Russia and Italy came her)18(e)-.1( to)]TJ 0 -1.3684 TD -.0248 Tw [(shar)18(e)-.1( their knowledge. Carlo Federici fr)18(om the Istituto Centrale)]TJ T* .0638 Tw [(di Patologia del Libr)18(o came in 2000 and intr)18(oduced non-inva-)]TJ T* .1588 Tw [(sive r)18(e)-.1(storation techniques described below)55(. He stopped the)]TJ T* .0436 Tw [(use of silk for lining and the habit of binding unbound manu-)]TJ T* .0277 Tw [(script, which ar)18(e now left unbound.)]TJ /F10 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 363.9055 425.9064 Tm 0 Tw (2.)Tj /F13 1 Tf 1.1394 0 TD .0277 Tw [(National Library of Malaysia, Manuscript dry cleaning. AB)]TJ 9.5 0 0 9.5 363.9055 399.9065 Tm .1009 Tw [(The workflow includes fumigation \(outsour)18(ced\)-each material)]TJ 0 -1.3684 TD -.002 Tw (entering the collection being fumigated-, dry cleaning, pagina-)Tj T* .0871 Tw [(tion \(no stamping is done on manuscripts\), PH testing, and if)]TJ T* .1539 Tw [(appr)18(opriate, dry de-acidification pr)18(ocess \(methanol + barium)]TJ T* .1552 Tw [(hydr)18(oxide\), applying carboxy methylcellulose to r)18(e)-.1(infor)18(ce the)]TJ T* .2223 Tw [(document on one side with machine made r)18(oll tissue, and)]TJ T* .1648 Tw [(eventually drying. Scouring is then done with surgical knife.)]TJ T* -.0218 Tw [(This technique has a 2 sheets per day output. Alter)-17.7(n)0(atively)91.8(,).1( leaf)]TJ T* -.0317 Tw [(casting is used if the document is in a good structural condition)]TJ T* .179 Tw [(\(8 sheets par day\). Manuscripts in quite good condition ar)18(e)]TJ T* .2505 Tw [(only dust cleaned. As for de-acidification, wher)18(eas the dry)]TJ T* .093 Tw [(pr)18(ocess is used for manuscripts, the wet pr)18(ocess \(magnesium)]TJ T* .0059 Tc .4107 Tw [(carbonate + carbon dioxide\) is used for printed books.)]TJ T* -.0001 Tc .0277 Tw [(Cr)18(ompton tissue lining is used for printed books as well.)]TJ ET .3 w /GS2 gs q 1 0 0 1 59.182 439.023 cm 0 0 m 0 -354.33 l S Q /Cs10 cs .81 1 .63 scn 49.26 442.32 14.173 14.173 re f BT /F10 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 51.8992 446.69 Tm /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn 0 Tw (40)Tj ET /GS3 gs BT /F3 1 Tf 0 8 -8 0 55.1738 225.0144 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn .0999 Tc .0251 Tw [(I)12(nternational P)29.9(r)9.9(eser)-17.7(v)5.9(a).1(tion N)29.7(e)-6(ws )-225( )-225( )-225( )-225(N)29.7(o)15.9(. 47 M)12(a).1(y 2009)]TJ /F10 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 84.6929 84.8937 Tm -.0001 Tc 0 Tw (3.)Tj /F13 1 Tf 1.1394 0 TD -.0002 Tc [(http://www)54.9(.pnm.my)91.7(.)]TJ ET /Cs8 cs 0 0 0 0 scn /GS2 gs 363.905 436.394 255.119 179 re f q 363.905 615.394 255.119 -179 re W* n .000031 906.375 702.299 -906.36 re W n q 255.377 0 0 179.384 363.776 436.202 cm /Im37 Do Q Q 363.905 98.693 253.701 122.063 re f q 363.905 220.756 253.701 -122.063 re W* n .000031 906.375 702.299 -906.36 re W n q 253.977 0 0 122.389 363.768 98.5 cm /Im38 Do Q Q q 1 0 0 1 84.693 96.032 cm 0 0 m 56.693 0 l S Q /GS3 gs BT /F10 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 363.9055 85.4192 Tm /Cs11 cs 1 scn -.0001 Tc (3.)Tj /F13 1 Tf 1.1394 0 TD .0277 Tw [(National Library of Malaysia, Manuscript after r)18(e)-.1(storation. 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